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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>E.58. Release 9.4</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1" /><link rel="prev" href="release-9-4-1.html" title="E.57. Release 9.4.1" /><link rel="next" href="release-9-3-25.html" title="E.59. Release 9.3.25" /></head><body><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">E.58. Release 9.4</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="release-9-4-1.html" title="E.57. Release 9.4.1">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="release.html" title="Appendix E. Release Notes">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix E. Release Notes</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 11.1 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="release-9-3-25.html" title="E.59. Release 9.3.25">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></hr></div><div class="sect1" id="RELEASE-9-4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">E.58. Release 9.4</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="release-9-4.html#id-1.11.6.62.3">E.58.1. Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="release-9-4.html#id-1.11.6.62.4">E.58.2. Migration to Version 9.4</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="release-9-4.html#id-1.11.6.62.5">E.58.3. Changes</a></span></dt></dl></div><p><strong>Release date: </strong>2014-12-18</p><div class="sect2" id="id-1.11.6.62.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">E.58.1. Overview</h3></div></div></div><p> Major enhancements in <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 9.4 include: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="datatype-json.html" title="8.14. JSON Types"><code class="type">jsonb</code></a>, a more capable and efficient data type for storing <acronym class="acronym">JSON</acronym> data </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add new <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> command <a class="xref" href="sql-altersystem.html" title="ALTER SYSTEM"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER SYSTEM</span></a> for changing <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> configuration file entries </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Reduce lock strength for some <a class="xref" href="sql-altertable.html" title="ALTER TABLE"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER TABLE</span></a> commands </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="rules-materializedviews.html" title="41.3. Materialized Views">materialized views</a> to be refreshed without blocking concurrent reads </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add support for <a class="link" href="logicaldecoding.html" title="Chapter 49. Logical Decoding">logical decoding</a> of WAL data, to allow database changes to be streamed out in a customizable format </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="bgworker.html" title="Chapter 48. Background Worker Processes">background worker processes</a> to be dynamically registered, started and terminated </p></li></ul></div><p> The above items are explained in more detail in the sections below. </p></div><div class="sect2" id="id-1.11.6.62.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">E.58.2. Migration to Version 9.4</h3></div></div></div><p> A dump/restore using <a class="xref" href="app-pg-dumpall.html" title="pg_dumpall"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_dumpall</span></span></a>, or use of <a class="xref" href="pgupgrade.html" title="pg_upgrade"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_upgrade</span></span></a>, is required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release. </p><p> Version 9.4 contains a number of changes that may affect compatibility with previous releases. Observe the following incompatibilities: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Tighten checks for multidimensional <a class="link" href="arrays.html" title="8.15. Arrays">array</a> input (Bruce Momjian) </p><p> Previously, an input array string that started with a single-element sub-array could later contain multi-element sub-arrays, e.g. <code class="literal">'{{1}, {2,3}}'::int[]</code> would be accepted. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> When converting values of type <code class="type">date</code>, <code class="type">timestamp</code> or <code class="type">timestamptz</code> to <a class="link" href="datatype-json.html" title="8.14. JSON Types"><code class="type">JSON</code></a>, render the values in a format compliant with ISO 8601 (Andrew Dunstan) </p><p> Previously such values were rendered according to the current <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-DATESTYLE">DateStyle</a> setting; but many JSON processors require timestamps to be in ISO 8601 format. If necessary, the previous behavior can be obtained by explicitly casting the datetime value to <code class="type">text</code> before passing it to the JSON conversion function. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> The <a class="link" href="functions-json.html#FUNCTIONS-JSON-OP-TABLE" title="Table 9.43. json and jsonb Operators"><code class="type">json</code> <code class="literal">#></code> <code class="type">text[]</code></a> path extraction operator now returns its lefthand input, not NULL, if the array is empty (Tom Lane) </p><p> This is consistent with the notion that this represents zero applications of the simple field/element extraction operator <code class="literal">-></code>. Similarly, <code class="type">json</code> <code class="literal">#>></code> <code class="type">text[]</code> with an empty array merely coerces its lefthand input to text. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Corner cases in the <a class="link" href="functions-json.html#FUNCTIONS-JSON-OP-TABLE" title="Table 9.43. json and jsonb Operators"><code class="type">JSON</code> field/element/path extraction operators</a> now return NULL rather than raising an error (Tom Lane) </p><p> For example, applying field extraction to a JSON array now yields NULL not an error. This is more consistent (since some comparable cases such as no-such-field already returned NULL), and it makes it safe to create expression indexes that use these operators, since they will now not throw errors for any valid JSON input. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Cause consecutive whitespace in <a class="link" href="functions-formatting.html#FUNCTIONS-FORMATTING-TABLE" title="Table 9.23. Formatting Functions"><code class="function">to_timestamp()</code></a> and <code class="function">to_date()</code> format strings to consume a corresponding number of characters in the input string (whitespace or not), then conditionally consume adjacent whitespace, if not in <code class="literal">FX</code> mode (Jeevan Chalke) </p><p> Previously, consecutive whitespace characters in a non-<code class="literal">FX</code> format string behaved like a single whitespace character and consumed all adjacent whitespace in the input string. For example, previously a format string of three spaces would consume only the first space in <code class="literal">' 12'</code>, but it will now consume all three characters. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix <a class="link" href="functions-textsearch.html#TEXTSEARCH-FUNCTIONS-TABLE" title="Table 9.41. Text Search Functions"><code class="function">ts_rank_cd()</code></a> to ignore stripped lexemes (Alex Hill) </p><p> Previously, stripped lexemes were treated as if they had a default location, producing a rank of dubious usefulness. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> For functions declared to take <a class="link" href="xfunc-sql.html#XFUNC-SQL-VARIADIC-FUNCTIONS" title="38.5.5. SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments"><code class="literal">VARIADIC "any"</code></a>, an actual parameter marked as <code class="literal">VARIADIC</code> must be of a determinable array type (Pavel Stehule) </p><p> Such parameters can no longer be written as an undecorated string literal or <code class="literal">NULL</code>; a cast to an appropriate array data type will now be required. Note that this does not affect parameters not marked <code class="literal">VARIADIC</code>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Ensure that whole-row variables expose the expected column names to functions that pay attention to column names within composite arguments (Tom Lane) </p><p> Constructs like <code class="literal">row_to_json(tab.*)</code> now always emit column names that match the column aliases visible for table <code class="literal">tab</code> at the point of the call. In previous releases the emitted column names would sometimes be the table's actual column names regardless of any aliases assigned in the query. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> <a class="xref" href="sql-discard.html" title="DISCARD"><span class="refentrytitle">DISCARD</span></a> now also discards sequence-related state (Fabrízio de Royes Mello, Robert Haas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Rename <a class="link" href="sql-explain.html" title="EXPLAIN"><code class="command">EXPLAIN ANALYZE</code></a>'s <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">total runtime</span>”</span> output to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">execution time</span>”</span> (Tom Lane) </p><p> Now that planning time is also reported, the previous name was confusing. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> <a class="link" href="sql-show.html" title="SHOW"><code class="command">SHOW TIME ZONE</code></a> now outputs simple numeric UTC offsets in <acronym class="acronym">POSIX</acronym> timezone format (Tom Lane) </p><p> Previously, such timezone settings were displayed as <a class="link" href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-INTERVAL-OUTPUT" title="8.5.5. Interval Output"><code class="type">interval</code></a> values. The new output is properly interpreted by <code class="command">SET TIME ZONE</code> when passed as a simple string, whereas the old output required special treatment to be re-parsed correctly. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Foreign data wrappers that support updating foreign tables must consider the possible presence of <code class="literal">AFTER ROW</code> triggers (Noah Misch) </p><p> When an <code class="literal">AFTER ROW</code> trigger is present, all columns of the table must be returned by updating actions, since the trigger might inspect any or all of them. Previously, foreign tables never had triggers, so the FDW might optimize away fetching columns not mentioned in the <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> clause (if any). </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Prevent <a class="link" href="ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-CHECK-CONSTRAINTS" title="5.3.1. Check Constraints"><code class="literal">CHECK</code></a> constraints from referencing system columns, except <code class="structfield">tableoid</code> (Amit Kapila) </p><p> Previously such check constraints were allowed, but they would often cause errors during restores. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Use the last specified <a class="link" href="recovery-target-settings.html" title="27.2. Recovery Target Settings">recovery target parameter</a> if multiple target parameters are specified (Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> Previously, there was an undocumented precedence order among the <code class="literal">recovery_target_<em class="replaceable"><code>xxx</code></em></code> parameters. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> On Windows, automatically preserve quotes in command strings supplied by the user (Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> User commands that did their own quote preservation might need adjustment. This is likely to be an issue for commands used in <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-ARCHIVE-COMMAND">archive_command</a>, <a class="xref" href="archive-recovery-settings.html#RESTORE-COMMAND">restore_command</a>, and <a class="link" href="sql-copy.html" title="COPY"><code class="command">COPY TO/FROM PROGRAM</code></a>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Remove catalog column <a class="link" href="catalog-pg-class.html" title="52.11. pg_class"><code class="structfield">pg_class.reltoastidxid</code></a> (Michael Paquier) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Remove catalog column <a class="link" href="catalog-pg-rewrite.html" title="52.44. pg_rewrite"><code class="structfield">pg_rewrite.ev_attr</code></a> (Kevin Grittner) </p><p> Per-column rules have not been supported since <span class="application">PostgreSQL</span> 7.3. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Remove native support for <span class="application">Kerberos</span> authentication (<code class="option">--with-krb5</code>, etc) (Magnus Hagander) </p><p> The supported way to use <span class="application">Kerberos</span> authentication is with <acronym class="acronym">GSSAPI</acronym>. The native code has been deprecated since <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 8.3. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> In <span class="application">PL/Python</span>, handle domains over arrays like the underlying array type (Rodolfo Campero) </p><p> Previously such values were treated as strings. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make libpq's <a class="link" href="libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PQCONNECTDBPARAMS"><code class="function">PQconnectdbParams()</code></a> and <a class="link" href="libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PQPINGPARAMS"><code class="function">PQpingParams()</code></a> functions process zero-length strings as defaults (Adrian Vondendriesch) </p><p> Previously, these functions treated zero-length string values as selecting the default in only some cases. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Change empty arrays returned by the <a class="xref" href="intarray.html" title="F.18. intarray">intarray</a> module to be zero-dimensional arrays (Bruce Momjian) </p><p> Previously, empty arrays were returned as zero-length one-dimensional arrays, whose text representation looked the same as zero-dimensional arrays (<code class="literal">{}</code>), but they acted differently in array operations. <span class="application">intarray</span>'s behavior in this area now matches the built-in array operators. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> <a class="xref" href="pgupgrade.html" title="pg_upgrade"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_upgrade</span></span></a> now uses <code class="option">-U</code> or <code class="option">--username</code> to specify the user name (Bruce Momjian) </p><p> Previously this option was spelled <code class="option">-u</code> or <code class="option">--user</code>, but that was inconsistent with other tools. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" id="id-1.11.6.62.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">E.58.3. Changes</h3></div></div></div><p> Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 9.4 and the previous major release. </p><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.58.3.1. Server</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="bgworker.html" title="Chapter 48. Background Worker Processes">background worker processes</a> to be dynamically registered, started and terminated (Robert Haas) </p><p> The new <code class="filename">worker_spi</code> module shows an example of use of this feature. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow dynamic allocation of shared memory segments (Robert Haas, Amit Kapila) </p><p> This feature is illustrated in the <code class="filename">test_shm_mq</code> module. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> During crash recovery or immediate shutdown, send uncatchable termination signals (<span class="systemitem">SIGKILL</span>) to child processes that do not shut down promptly (MauMau, Álvaro Herrera) </p><p> This reduces the likelihood of leaving orphaned child processes behind after <a class="xref" href="app-postmaster.html" title="postmaster"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">postmaster</span></span></a> shutdown, as well as ensuring that crash recovery can proceed if some child processes have become <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">stuck</span>”</span>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve randomness of the database system identifier (Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <a class="xref" href="sql-vacuum.html" title="VACUUM"><span class="refentrytitle">VACUUM</span></a> properly report dead but not-yet-removable rows to the statistics collector (Hari Babu) </p><p> Previously these were reported as live rows. </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.3.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.1.1. Indexes</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Reduce <a class="link" href="gin.html" title="Chapter 66. GIN Indexes"><acronym class="acronym">GIN</acronym></a> index size (Alexander Korotkov, Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> Indexes upgraded via <a class="xref" href="pgupgrade.html" title="pg_upgrade"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_upgrade</span></span></a> will work fine but will still be in the old, larger <acronym class="acronym">GIN</acronym> format. Use <a class="xref" href="sql-reindex.html" title="REINDEX"><span class="refentrytitle">REINDEX</span></a> to recreate old GIN indexes in the new format. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve speed of multi-key <a class="link" href="gin.html" title="Chapter 66. GIN Indexes"><acronym class="acronym">GIN</acronym></a> lookups (Alexander Korotkov, Heikki Linnakangas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="gist.html" title="Chapter 64. GiST Indexes"><acronym class="acronym">GiST</acronym></a> index support for <a class="link" href="datatype-net-types.html#DATATYPE-INET" title="8.9.1. inet"><code class="type">inet</code></a> and <a class="link" href="datatype-net-types.html#DATATYPE-CIDR" title="8.9.2. cidr"><code class="type">cidr</code></a> data types (Emre Hasegeli) </p><p> Such indexes improve <a class="link" href="functions-net.html#CIDR-INET-OPERATORS-TABLE" title="Table 9.36. cidr and inet Operators">subnet and supernet</a> lookups and ordering comparisons. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix rare race condition in B-tree page deletion (Heikki Linnakangas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make the handling of interrupted B-tree page splits more robust (Heikki Linnakangas) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.3.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.1.2. General Performance</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Allow multiple backends to insert into <a class="link" href="wal.html" title="Chapter 30. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log"><acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym></a> buffers concurrently (Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> This improves parallel write performance. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Conditionally write only the modified portion of updated rows to <a class="link" href="wal.html" title="Chapter 30. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log"><acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym></a> (Amit Kapila) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve performance of aggregate functions used as <a class="link" href="sql-expressions.html#SYNTAX-WINDOW-FUNCTIONS" title="4.2.8. Window Function Calls">window functions</a> (David Rowley, Florian Pflug, Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve speed of aggregates that use <a class="link" href="datatype-numeric.html" title="8.1. Numeric Types"><code class="type">numeric</code></a> state values (Hadi Moshayedi) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Attempt to <a class="link" href="routine-vacuuming.html#VACUUM-FOR-WRAPAROUND" title="24.1.5. Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures">freeze</a> tuples when tables are rewritten with <a class="xref" href="sql-cluster.html" title="CLUSTER"><span class="refentrytitle">CLUSTER</span></a> or <a class="link" href="sql-vacuum.html" title="VACUUM"><code class="command">VACUUM FULL</code></a> (Robert Haas, Andres Freund) </p><p> This can avoid the need to freeze the tuples in the future. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve speed of <a class="xref" href="sql-copy.html" title="COPY"><span class="refentrytitle">COPY</span></a> with default <a class="link" href="functions-sequence.html#FUNCTIONS-SEQUENCE-TABLE" title="Table 9.47. Sequence Functions"><code class="function">nextval()</code></a> columns (Simon Riggs) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve speed of accessing many different <a class="link" href="sql-createsequence.html" title="CREATE SEQUENCE">sequences</a> in the same session (David Rowley) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Raise hard limit on the number of tuples held in memory during sorting and B-tree index builds (Noah Misch) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Reduce memory allocated by <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> <a class="xref" href="sql-do.html" title="DO"><span class="refentrytitle">DO</span></a> blocks (Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make the planner more aggressive about extracting restriction clauses from mixed <code class="literal">AND</code>/<code class="literal">OR</code> clauses (Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Disallow pushing volatile <code class="literal">WHERE</code> clauses down into <code class="literal">DISTINCT</code> subqueries (Tom Lane) </p><p> Pushing down a <code class="literal">WHERE</code> clause can produce a more efficient plan overall, but at the cost of evaluating the clause more often than is implied by the text of the query; so don't do it if the clause contains any volatile functions. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Auto-resize the catalog caches (Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> This reduces memory consumption for sessions accessing only a few tables, and improves performance for sessions accessing many tables. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.3.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.1.3. Monitoring</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="xref" href="monitoring-stats.html#PG-STAT-ARCHIVER-VIEW" title="Table 28.9. pg_stat_archiver View">pg_stat_archiver</a> system view to report <a class="link" href="wal.html" title="Chapter 30. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log"><acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym></a> archiver activity (Gabriele Bartolini) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="structfield">n_mod_since_analyze</code> columns to <a class="xref" href="monitoring-stats.html#PG-STAT-ALL-TABLES-VIEW" title="Table 28.13. pg_stat_all_tables View">pg_stat_all_tables</a> and related system views (Mark Kirkwood) </p><p> These columns expose the system's estimate of the number of changed tuples since the table's last <a class="xref" href="sql-analyze.html" title="ANALYZE"><span class="refentrytitle">ANALYZE</span></a>. This estimate drives decisions about when to auto-analyze. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="structfield">backend_xid</code> and <code class="structfield">backend_xmin</code> columns to the system view <a class="xref" href="monitoring-stats.html#PG-STAT-ACTIVITY-VIEW" title="Table 28.3. pg_stat_activity View">pg_stat_activity</a>, and a <code class="structfield">backend_xmin</code> column to <a class="xref" href="monitoring-stats.html#PG-STAT-REPLICATION-VIEW" title="Table 28.5. pg_stat_replication View">pg_stat_replication</a> (Christian Kruse) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.3.6"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.1.4. <acronym class="acronym">SSL</acronym></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add support for <acronym class="acronym">SSL</acronym> <acronym class="acronym">ECDH</acronym> key exchange (Marko Kreen) </p><p> This allows use of Elliptic Curve keys for server authentication. Such keys are faster and have better security than <acronym class="acronym">RSA</acronym> keys. The new configuration parameter <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-SSL-ECDH-CURVE">ssl_ecdh_curve</a> controls which curve is used for <acronym class="acronym">ECDH</acronym>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve the default <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-SSL-CIPHERS">ssl_ciphers</a> setting (Marko Kreen) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> By default, the server not the client now controls the preference order of <acronym class="acronym">SSL</acronym> ciphers (Marko Kreen) </p><p> Previously, the order specified by <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-SSL-CIPHERS">ssl_ciphers</a> was usually ignored in favor of client-side defaults, which are not configurable in most <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> clients. If desired, the old behavior can be restored via the new configuration parameter <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-SSL-PREFER-SERVER-CIPHERS">ssl_prefer_server_ciphers</a>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-CONNECTIONS">log_connections</a> show <acronym class="acronym">SSL</acronym> encryption information (Andreas Kunert) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve <acronym class="acronym">SSL</acronym> renegotiation handling (Álvaro Herrera) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.3.7"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.1.5. Server Settings</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add new <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> command <a class="xref" href="sql-altersystem.html" title="ALTER SYSTEM"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER SYSTEM</span></a> for changing <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> configuration file entries (Amit Kapila) </p><p> Previously such settings could only be changed by manually editing <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-AUTOVACUUM-WORK-MEM">autovacuum_work_mem</a> configuration parameter to control the amount of memory used by autovacuum workers (Peter Geoghegan) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-HUGE-PAGES">huge_pages</a> parameter to allow using huge memory pages on Linux (Christian Kruse, Richard Poole, Abhijit Menon-Sen) </p><p> This can improve performance on large-memory systems. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAX-WORKER-PROCESSES">max_worker_processes</a> parameter to limit the number of background workers (Robert Haas) </p><p> This is helpful in configuring a standby server to have the required number of worker processes (the same as the primary). </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add superuser-only <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-SESSION-PRELOAD-LIBRARIES">session_preload_libraries</a> parameter to load libraries at session start (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> In contrast to <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-LOCAL-PRELOAD-LIBRARIES">local_preload_libraries</a>, this parameter can load any shared library, not just those in the <code class="filename">$libdir/plugins</code> directory. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-LOG-HINTS">wal_log_hints</a> parameter to enable WAL logging of hint-bit changes (Sawada Masahiko) </p><p> Hint bit changes are not normally logged, except when checksums are enabled. This is useful for external tools like <span class="application">pg_rewind</span>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Increase the default settings of <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-WORK-MEM">work_mem</a> and <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAINTENANCE-WORK-MEM">maintenance_work_mem</a> by four times (Bruce Momjian) </p><p> The new defaults are 4MB and 64MB respectively. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Increase the default setting of <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-query.html#GUC-EFFECTIVE-CACHE-SIZE">effective_cache_size</a> to 4GB (Bruce Momjian, Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <code class="function">printf</code>-style space padding to be specified in <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-LINE-PREFIX">log_line_prefix</a> (David Rowley) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow terabyte units (<code class="literal">TB</code>) to be used when specifying configuration variable values (Simon Riggs) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Show <acronym class="acronym">PID</acronym>s of lock holders and waiters and improve information about relations in <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-LOCK-WAITS">log_lock_waits</a> log messages (Christian Kruse) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Reduce server logging level when loading shared libraries (Peter Geoghegan) </p><p> The previous level was <code class="literal">LOG</code>, which was too verbose for libraries loaded per-session. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> On Windows, make <code class="literal">SQL_ASCII</code>-encoded databases and server processes (e.g., <a class="xref" href="app-postmaster.html" title="postmaster"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">postmaster</span></span></a>) emit messages in the character encoding of the server's Windows user locale (Alexander Law, Noah Misch) </p><p> Previously these messages were output in the Windows <acronym class="acronym">ANSI</acronym> code page. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.58.3.2. Replication and Recovery</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="warm-standby.html#STREAMING-REPLICATION-SLOTS" title="26.2.6. Replication Slots">replication slots</a> to coordinate activity on streaming standbys with the node they are streaming from (Andres Freund, Robert Haas) </p><p> Replication slots allow preservation of resources like <acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym> files on the primary until they are no longer needed by standby servers. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add recovery parameter <a class="xref" href="standby-settings.html#RECOVERY-MIN-APPLY-DELAY">recovery_min_apply_delay</a> to delay replication (Robert Haas, Fabrízio de Royes Mello, Simon Riggs) </p><p> Delaying replay on standby servers can be useful for recovering from user errors. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="xref" href="recovery-target-settings.html#RECOVERY-TARGET">recovery_target</a> option <code class="option">immediate</code> to stop <a class="link" href="wal.html" title="Chapter 30. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log"><acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym></a> recovery as soon as a consistent state is reached (MauMau, Heikki Linnakangas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve recovery target processing (Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> The timestamp reported by <a class="link" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-RECOVERY-INFO-TABLE" title="Table 9.80. Recovery Information Functions"><code class="function">pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp()</code></a> now reflects already-committed records, not transactions about to be committed. Recovering to a restore point now replays the restore point, rather than stopping just before the restore point. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> <a class="link" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-BACKUP-TABLE" title="Table 9.79. Backup Control Functions"><code class="function">pg_switch_xlog()</code></a> now clears any unused trailing space in the old <acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym> file (Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> This improves the compression ratio for <acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym> files. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Report failure return codes from <a class="link" href="archive-recovery-settings.html" title="27.1. Archive Recovery Settings">external recovery commands</a> (Peter Eisentraut) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Reduce spinlock contention during <acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym> replay (Heikki Linnakangas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Write <acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym> records of running transactions more frequently (Andres Freund) </p><p> This allows standby servers to start faster and clean up resources more aggressively. </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.4.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.2.1. <a class="link" href="logicaldecoding.html" title="Chapter 49. Logical Decoding">Logical Decoding</a></h5></div></div></div><p> Logical decoding allows database changes to be streamed in a configurable format. The data is read from the <a class="link" href="wal.html" title="Chapter 30. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log"><acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym></a> and transformed into the desired target format. To implement this feature, the following changes were made: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add support for <a class="link" href="logicaldecoding.html" title="Chapter 49. Logical Decoding">logical decoding</a> of WAL data, to allow database changes to be streamed out in a customizable format (Andres Freund) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add new <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-LEVEL">wal_level</a> setting <code class="option">logical</code> to enable logical change-set encoding in <acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym> (Andres Freund) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add table-level parameter <a class="link" href="catalog-pg-class.html" title="52.11. pg_class"><code class="literal">REPLICA IDENTITY</code></a> to control logical replication (Andres Freund) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add relation option <a class="link" href="sql-createtable.html#SQL-CREATETABLE-STORAGE-PARAMETERS" title="Storage Parameters"><code class="option">user_catalog_table</code></a> to identify user-created tables involved in logical change-set encoding (Andres Freund) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="xref" href="app-pgrecvlogical.html" title="pg_recvlogical"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_recvlogical</span></span></a> application to receive logical-decoding data (Andres Freund) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="xref" href="test-decoding.html" title="F.40. test_decoding">test_decoding</a> module to illustrate logical decoding at the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> level (Andres Freund) </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.58.3.3. Queries</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="queries-table-expressions.html#QUERIES-TABLEFUNCTIONS" title="7.2.1.4. Table Functions"><code class="literal">WITH ORDINALITY</code></a> syntax to number the rows returned from a set-returning function in the <code class="literal">FROM</code> clause (Andrew Gierth, David Fetter) </p><p> This is particularly useful for functions like <code class="function">unnest()</code>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="queries-table-expressions.html#QUERIES-TABLEFUNCTIONS" title="7.2.1.4. Table Functions"><code class="literal">ROWS FROM()</code></a> syntax to allow horizontal concatenation of set-returning functions in the <code class="literal">FROM</code> clause (Andrew Gierth) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="xref" href="sql-select.html" title="SELECT"><span class="refentrytitle">SELECT</span></a> to have an empty target list (Tom Lane) </p><p> This was added so that views that select from a table with zero columns can be dumped and restored correctly. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Ensure that <a class="link" href="sql-select.html" title="SELECT"><code class="literal">SELECT ... FOR UPDATE NOWAIT</code></a> does not wait in corner cases involving already-concurrently-updated tuples (Craig Ringer and Thomas Munro) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.6"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.58.3.4. Utility Commands</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="sql-discard.html" title="DISCARD"><code class="command">DISCARD SEQUENCES</code></a> command to discard cached sequence-related state (Fabrízio de Royes Mello, Robert Haas) </p><p> <code class="command">DISCARD ALL</code> will now also discard such information. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="literal">FORCE NULL</code> option to <a class="link" href="sql-copy.html" title="COPY"><code class="command">COPY FROM</code></a>, which causes quoted strings matching the specified null string to be converted to NULLs in <code class="literal">CSV</code> mode (Ian Barwick, Michael Paquier) </p><p> Without this option, only unquoted matching strings will be imported as null values. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Issue warnings for commands used outside of transaction blocks when they can have no effect (Bruce Momjian) </p><p> New warnings are issued for <code class="command">SET LOCAL</code>, <code class="command">SET CONSTRAINTS</code>, <code class="command">SET TRANSACTION</code> and <code class="command">ABORT</code> when used outside a transaction block. </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.6.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.4.1. <a class="xref" href="sql-explain.html" title="EXPLAIN"><span class="refentrytitle">EXPLAIN</span></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Make <code class="command">EXPLAIN ANALYZE</code> show planning time (Andreas Karlsson) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <code class="command">EXPLAIN</code> show the grouping columns in Agg and Group nodes (Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <code class="command">EXPLAIN ANALYZE</code> show exact and lossy block counts in bitmap heap scans (Etsuro Fujita) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.6.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.4.2. Views</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Allow a <a class="link" href="rules-materializedviews.html" title="41.3. Materialized Views">materialized view</a> to be refreshed without blocking other sessions from reading the view meanwhile (Kevin Grittner) </p><p> This is done with <a class="link" href="sql-refreshmaterializedview.html" title="REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW"><code class="command">REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW CONCURRENTLY</code></a>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow views to be <a class="link" href="sql-createview.html#SQL-CREATEVIEW-UPDATABLE-VIEWS" title="Updatable Views">automatically updated</a> even if they contain some non-updatable columns (Dean Rasheed) </p><p> Previously the presence of non-updatable output columns such as expressions, literals, and function calls prevented automatic updates. Now <code class="command">INSERT</code>s, <code class="command">UPDATE</code>s and <code class="command">DELETE</code>s are supported, provided that they do not attempt to assign new values to any of the non-updatable columns. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow control over whether <code class="command">INSERT</code>s and <code class="command">UPDATE</code>s can add rows to an auto-updatable view that would not appear in the view (Dean Rasheed) </p><p> This is controlled with the new <a class="xref" href="sql-createview.html" title="CREATE VIEW"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE VIEW</span></a> clause <code class="literal">WITH CHECK OPTION</code>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="rules-privileges.html" title="41.5. Rules and Privileges">security barrier views</a> to be automatically updatable (Dean Rasheed) </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.7"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.58.3.5. Object Manipulation</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Support triggers on <a class="link" href="sql-createforeigntable.html" title="CREATE FOREIGN TABLE">foreign tables</a> (Ronan Dunklau) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow moving groups of objects from one tablespace to another using the <code class="literal">ALL IN TABLESPACE ... SET TABLESPACE</code> form of <a class="xref" href="sql-altertable.html" title="ALTER TABLE"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER TABLE</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-alterindex.html" title="ALTER INDEX"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER INDEX</span></a>, or <a class="xref" href="sql-altermaterializedview.html" title="ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW</span></a> (Stephen Frost) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow changing foreign key constraint deferrability via <a class="xref" href="sql-altertable.html" title="ALTER TABLE"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER TABLE</span></a> ... <code class="literal">ALTER CONSTRAINT</code> (Simon Riggs) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Reduce lock strength for some <a class="xref" href="sql-altertable.html" title="ALTER TABLE"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER TABLE</span></a> commands (Simon Riggs, Noah Misch, Robert Haas) </p><p> Specifically, <code class="literal">VALIDATE CONSTRAINT</code>, <code class="literal">CLUSTER ON</code>, <code class="literal">SET WITHOUT CLUSTER</code>, <code class="literal">ALTER COLUMN SET STATISTICS</code>, <code class="literal">ALTER COLUMN</code> <code class="literal">SET</code> <code class="option">(attribute_option)</code>, <code class="literal">ALTER COLUMN RESET</code> <code class="option">(attribute_option)</code> no longer require <code class="literal">ACCESS EXCLUSIVE</code> locks. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow tablespace options to be set in <a class="xref" href="sql-createtablespace.html" title="CREATE TABLESPACE"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE TABLESPACE</span></a> (Vik Fearing) </p><p> Formerly these options could only be set via <a class="xref" href="sql-altertablespace.html" title="ALTER TABLESPACE"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER TABLESPACE</span></a>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="xref" href="sql-createaggregate.html" title="CREATE AGGREGATE"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE AGGREGATE</span></a> to define the estimated size of the aggregate's transition state data (Hadi Moshayedi) </p><p> Proper use of this feature allows the planner to better estimate how much memory will be used by aggregates. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix <code class="command">DROP IF EXISTS</code> to avoid errors for non-existent objects in more cases (Pavel Stehule, Dean Rasheed) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve how system relations are identified (Andres Freund, Robert Haas) </p><p> Previously, relations once moved into the <code class="literal">pg_catalog</code> schema could no longer be modified or dropped. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.8"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.58.3.6. Data Types</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Fully implement the <a class="link" href="datatype-geometric.html#DATATYPE-LINE" title="8.8.2. Lines"><code class="type">line</code></a> data type (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> The line <span class="emphasis"><em>segment</em></span> data type (<a class="link" href="datatype-geometric.html#DATATYPE-LSEG" title="8.8.3. Line Segments"><code class="type">lseg</code></a>) has always been fully supported. The previous <code class="type">line</code> data type (which was enabled only via a compile-time option) is not binary or dump-compatible with the new implementation. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="datatype-pg-lsn.html" title="8.20. pg_lsn Type"><code class="type">pg_lsn</code></a> data type to represent a <acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym> log sequence number (<acronym class="acronym">LSN</acronym>) (Robert Haas, Michael Paquier) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow single-point <a class="link" href="datatype-geometric.html#DATATYPE-POLYGON" title="8.8.6. Polygons"><code class="type">polygon</code></a>s to be converted to <a class="link" href="datatype-geometric.html#DATATYPE-CIRCLE" title="8.8.7. Circles"><code class="type">circle</code></a>s (Bruce Momjian) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Support time zone abbreviations that change UTC offset from time to time (Tom Lane) </p><p> Previously, <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> assumed that the UTC offset associated with a time zone abbreviation (such as <code class="literal">EST</code>) never changes in the usage of any particular locale. However this assumption fails in the real world, so introduce the ability for a zone abbreviation to represent a UTC offset that sometimes changes. Update the zone abbreviation definition files to make use of this feature in timezone locales that have changed the UTC offset of their abbreviations since 1970 (according to the IANA timezone database). In such timezones, <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> will now associate the correct UTC offset with the abbreviation depending on the given date. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow 5+ digit years for non-<acronym class="acronym">ISO</acronym> <a class="link" href="datatype-datetime.html" title="8.5. Date/Time Types"><code class="type">timestamp</code></a> and <code class="type">date</code> strings, where appropriate (Bruce Momjian) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add checks for overflow/underflow of <a class="link" href="datatype-datetime.html" title="8.5. Date/Time Types"><code class="type">interval</code></a> values (Bruce Momjian) </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.8.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.6.1. <a class="link" href="datatype-json.html" title="8.14. JSON Types"><acronym class="acronym">JSON</acronym></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="datatype-json.html" title="8.14. JSON Types"><code class="type">jsonb</code></a>, a more capable and efficient data type for storing <acronym class="acronym">JSON</acronym> data (Oleg Bartunov, Teodor Sigaev, Alexander Korotkov, Peter Geoghegan, Andrew Dunstan) </p><p> This new type allows faster access to values within a JSON document, and faster and more useful indexing of JSON columns. Scalar values in <code class="type">jsonb</code> documents are stored as appropriate scalar SQL types, and the JSON document structure is pre-parsed rather than being stored as text as in the original <code class="type">json</code> data type. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add new JSON functions to allow for the construction of arbitrarily complex JSON trees (Andrew Dunstan, Laurence Rowe) </p><p> New functions include <a class="link" href="functions-json.html#FUNCTIONS-JSON-PROCESSING-TABLE" title="Table 9.46. JSON Processing Functions"><code class="function">json_array_elements_text()</code></a>, <code class="function">json_build_array()</code>, <code class="function">json_object()</code>, <code class="function">json_object_agg()</code>, <code class="function">json_to_record()</code>, and <code class="function">json_to_recordset()</code>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="functions-json.html#FUNCTIONS-JSON-PROCESSING-TABLE" title="Table 9.46. JSON Processing Functions"><code class="function">json_typeof()</code></a> to return the data type of a <code class="type">json</code> value (Andrew Tipton) </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.9"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.58.3.7. Functions</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-DELAY" title="9.9.5. Delaying Execution"><code class="function">pg_sleep_for(interval)</code></a> and <code class="function">pg_sleep_until(timestamp)</code> to specify delays more flexibly (Vik Fearing, Julien Rouhaud) </p><p> The existing <code class="function">pg_sleep()</code> function only supports delays specified in seconds. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="functions-array.html#ARRAY-FUNCTIONS-TABLE" title="Table 9.49. Array Functions"><code class="function">cardinality()</code></a> function for arrays (Marko Tiikkaja) </p><p> This returns the total number of elements in the array, or zero for an array with no elements. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> functions to allow <a class="link" href="lo-funcs.html" title="35.4. Server-side Functions">large object reads/writes</a> at arbitrary offsets (Pavel Stehule) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="functions-array.html#ARRAY-FUNCTIONS-TABLE" title="Table 9.49. Array Functions"><code class="function">unnest()</code></a> to take multiple arguments, which are individually unnested then horizontally concatenated (Andrew Gierth) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add functions to construct <code class="type">time</code>s, <code class="type">date</code>s, <code class="type">timestamp</code>s, <code class="type">timestamptz</code>s, and <code class="type">interval</code>s from individual values, rather than strings (Pavel Stehule) </p><p> These functions' names are prefixed with <code class="literal">make_</code>, e.g. <a class="link" href="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-TABLE" title="Table 9.30. Date/Time Functions"><code class="function">make_date()</code></a>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <a class="link" href="functions-formatting.html#FUNCTIONS-FORMATTING-TABLE" title="Table 9.23. Formatting Functions"><code class="function">to_char()</code></a>'s <code class="literal">TZ</code> format specifier return a useful value for simple numeric time zone offsets (Tom Lane) </p><p> Previously, <code class="literal">to_char(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, 'TZ')</code> returned an empty string if the <code class="literal">timezone</code> was set to a constant like <code class="literal">-4</code>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add timezone offset format specifier <code class="literal">OF</code> to <a class="link" href="functions-formatting.html#FUNCTIONS-FORMATTING-TABLE" title="Table 9.23. Formatting Functions"><code class="function">to_char()</code></a> (Bruce Momjian) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve the random seed used for <a class="link" href="functions-math.html#FUNCTIONS-MATH-RANDOM-TABLE" title="Table 9.6. Random Functions"><code class="function">random()</code></a> (Honza Horak) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Tighten validity checking for Unicode code points in <a class="link" href="functions-string.html#FUNCTIONS-STRING-OTHER" title="Table 9.9. Other String Functions"><code class="function">chr(int)</code></a> (Tom Lane) </p><p> This function now only accepts values that are valid UTF8 characters according to RFC 3629. </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.9.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.7.1. System Information Functions</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add functions for looking up objects in <code class="structname">pg_class</code>, <code class="structname">pg_proc</code>, <code class="structname">pg_type</code>, and <code class="structname">pg_operator</code> that do not generate errors for non-existent objects (Yugo Nagata, Nozomi Anzai, Robert Haas) </p><p> For example, <a class="link" href="functions-info.html#FUNCTIONS-INFO-CATALOG-TABLE" title="Table 9.63. System Catalog Information Functions"><code class="function">to_regclass()</code></a> does a lookup in <code class="structname">pg_class</code> similarly to the <code class="type">regclass</code> input function, but it returns NULL for a non-existent object instead of failing. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add function <a class="link" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-DBLOCATION" title="Table 9.85. Database Object Location Functions"><code class="function">pg_filenode_relation()</code></a> to allow for more efficient lookup of relation names from filenodes (Andres Freund) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="structfield">parameter_default</code> column to <a class="link" href="infoschema-parameters.html" title="37.32. parameters"><code class="structname">information_schema.parameters</code></a> view (Peter Eisentraut) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <a class="link" href="infoschema-schemata.html" title="37.41. schemata"><code class="structname">information_schema.schemata</code></a> show all accessible schemas (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> Previously it only showed schemas owned by the current user. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.9.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.7.2. Aggregates</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add control over which rows are passed into aggregate functions via the <a class="link" href="sql-expressions.html#SYNTAX-AGGREGATES" title="4.2.7. Aggregate Expressions"><code class="literal">FILTER</code></a> clause (David Fetter) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Support ordered-set (<a class="link" href="sql-expressions.html#SYNTAX-AGGREGATES" title="4.2.7. Aggregate Expressions"><code class="literal">WITHIN GROUP</code></a>) aggregates (Atri Sharma, Andrew Gierth, Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add standard ordered-set aggregates <a class="link" href="functions-aggregate.html#FUNCTIONS-ORDEREDSET-TABLE" title="Table 9.54. Ordered-Set Aggregate Functions"><code class="function">percentile_cont()</code></a>, <code class="function">percentile_disc()</code>, <code class="function">mode()</code>, <a class="link" href="functions-aggregate.html#FUNCTIONS-HYPOTHETICAL-TABLE" title="Table 9.55. Hypothetical-Set Aggregate Functions"><code class="function">rank()</code></a>, <code class="function">dense_rank()</code>, <code class="function">percent_rank()</code>, and <code class="function">cume_dist()</code> (Atri Sharma, Andrew Gierth) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Support <a class="link" href="xfunc-sql.html#XFUNC-SQL-VARIADIC-FUNCTIONS" title="38.5.5. SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments"><code class="literal">VARIADIC</code></a> aggregate functions (Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow polymorphic aggregates to have non-polymorphic state data types (Tom Lane) </p><p> This allows proper declaration in SQL of aggregates like the built-in aggregate <code class="function">array_agg()</code>. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.10"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.58.3.8. Server-Side Languages</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add event trigger support to <a class="link" href="plperl.html" title="Chapter 45. PL/Perl - Perl Procedural Language">PL/Perl</a> and <a class="link" href="pltcl.html" title="Chapter 44. PL/Tcl - Tcl Procedural Language">PL/Tcl</a> (Dimitri Fontaine) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Convert <a class="link" href="datatype-numeric.html" title="8.1. Numeric Types"><code class="type">numeric</code></a> values to <code class="type">decimal</code> in <a class="link" href="plpython.html" title="Chapter 46. PL/Python - Python Procedural Language">PL/Python</a> (Szymon Guz, Ronan Dunklau) </p><p> Previously such values were converted to Python <code class="type">float</code> values, risking loss of precision. </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.10.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.8.1. <a class="link" href="plpgsql.html" title="Chapter 43. PL/pgSQL - SQL Procedural Language">PL/pgSQL</a> Server-Side Language</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add ability to retrieve the current PL/pgSQL call stack using <a class="link" href="plpgsql-control-structures.html#PLPGSQL-CALL-STACK" title="43.6.9. Obtaining Execution Location Information"><code class="command">GET DIAGNOSTICS</code></a> (Pavel Stehule, Stephen Frost) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add option <a class="link" href="plpgsql-statements.html#PLPGSQL-STATEMENTS-SQL-ONEROW" title="43.5.3. Executing a Query with a Single-row Result"><code class="option">print_strict_params</code></a> to display the parameters passed to a query that violated a <code class="literal">STRICT</code> constraint (Marko Tiikkaja) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add variables <a class="link" href="plpgsql-development-tips.html#PLPGSQL-EXTRA-CHECKS" title="43.12.2. Additional Compile-time Checks"><code class="varname">plpgsql.extra_warnings</code></a> and <code class="varname">plpgsql.extra_errors</code> to enable additional PL/pgSQL warnings and errors (Marko Tiikkaja, Petr Jelinek) </p><p> Currently only warnings/errors about shadowed variables are available. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.11"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.58.3.9. <a class="link" href="libpq.html" title="Chapter 34. libpq - C Library"><span class="application">libpq</span></a></h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Make libpq's <a class="link" href="libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PQCONNDEFAULTS"><code class="function">PQconndefaults()</code></a> function ignore invalid service files (Steve Singer, Bruce Momjian) </p><p> Previously it returned NULL if an incorrect service file was encountered. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Accept <acronym class="acronym">TLS</acronym> protocol versions beyond <code class="literal">TLSv1</code> in libpq (Marko Kreen) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.12"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.58.3.10. Client Applications</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="xref" href="app-createuser.html" title="createuser"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">createuser</span></span></a> option <code class="option">-g</code> to specify role membership (Christopher Browne) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="xref" href="app-vacuumdb.html" title="vacuumdb"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">vacuumdb</span></span></a> option <code class="option">--analyze-in-stages</code> to analyze in stages of increasing granularity (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> This allows minimal statistics to be created quickly. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <a class="link" href="app-pgresetwal.html" title="pg_resetwal"><span class="application">pg_resetxlog</span></a> with option <code class="option">-n</code> output current and potentially changed values (Rajeev Rastogi) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <a class="xref" href="app-initdb.html" title="initdb"><span class="refentrytitle">initdb</span></a> throw error for incorrect locale settings, rather than silently falling back to a default choice (Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <a class="xref" href="app-pg-ctl.html" title="pg_ctl"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_ctl</span></span></a> return exit code <code class="literal">4</code> for an inaccessible data directory (Amit Kapila, Bruce Momjian) </p><p> This behavior more closely matches the Linux Standard Base (<acronym class="acronym">LSB</acronym>) Core Specification. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> On Windows, ensure that a non-absolute <code class="option">-D</code> path specification is interpreted relative to <a class="xref" href="app-pg-ctl.html" title="pg_ctl"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_ctl</span></span></a>'s current directory (Kumar Rajeev Rastogi) </p><p> Previously it would be interpreted relative to whichever directory the underlying Windows service was started in. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <code class="function">sizeof()</code> in <a class="link" href="ecpg.html" title="Chapter 36. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C">ECPG</a> C array definitions (Michael Meskes) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <a class="link" href="ecpg.html" title="Chapter 36. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C">ECPG</a> properly handle nesting of C-style comments in both C and <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> text (Michael Meskes) </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.12.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.10.1. <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html" title="psql"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">psql</span></span></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Suppress <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">No rows</span>”</span> output in <span class="application">psql</span> <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-META-COMMANDS" title="Meta-Commands"><code class="option">expanded</code></a> mode when the footer is disabled (Bruce Momjian) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow Control-C to abort <span class="application">psql</span> when it's hung at connection startup (Peter Eisentraut) </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect5" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.12.3.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h6 class="title">E.58.3.10.1.1. <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-META-COMMANDS" title="Meta-Commands">Backslash Commands</a></h6></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Make <span class="application">psql</span>'s <code class="command">\db+</code> show tablespace options (Magnus Hagander) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <code class="command">\do+</code> display the functions that implement the operators (Marko Tiikkaja) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <code class="command">\d+</code> output an <code class="literal">OID</code> line only if an <code class="literal">oid</code> column exists in the table (Bruce Momjian) </p><p> Previously, the presence or absence of an <code class="literal">oid</code> column was always reported. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <code class="command">\d</code> show disabled system triggers (Bruce Momjian) </p><p> Previously, if you disabled all triggers, only user triggers would show as disabled. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix <code class="command">\copy</code> to no longer require a space between <code class="literal">stdin</code> and a semicolon (Etsuro Fujita) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Output the row count at the end of <code class="command">\copy</code>, just like <code class="command">COPY</code> already did (Kumar Rajeev Rastogi) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix <code class="command">\conninfo</code> to display the server's <acronym class="acronym">IP</acronym> address for connections using <code class="literal">hostaddr</code> (Fujii Masao) </p><p> Previously <code class="command">\conninfo</code> could not display the server's <acronym class="acronym">IP</acronym> address in such cases. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Show the <acronym class="acronym">SSL</acronym> protocol version in <code class="command">\conninfo</code> (Marko Kreen) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add tab completion for <code class="command">\pset</code> (Pavel Stehule) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <code class="command">\pset</code> with no arguments to show all settings (Gilles Darold) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <code class="command">\s</code> display the name of the history file it wrote without converting it to an absolute path (Tom Lane) </p><p> The code previously attempted to convert a relative file name to an absolute path for display, but frequently got it wrong. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.12.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.10.2. <a class="xref" href="app-pgdump.html" title="pg_dump"><span class="refentrytitle">pg_dump</span></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="xref" href="app-pgrestore.html" title="pg_restore"><span class="refentrytitle">pg_restore</span></a> options <code class="option">-I</code>, <code class="option">-P</code>, <code class="option">-T</code> and <code class="option">-n</code> to be specified multiple times (Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> This allows multiple objects to be restored in one operation. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Optionally add <code class="literal">IF EXISTS</code> clauses to the <code class="command">DROP</code> commands emitted when removing old objects during a restore (Pavel Stehule) </p><p> This change prevents unnecessary errors when removing old objects. The new <code class="option">--if-exists</code> option for <a class="xref" href="app-pgdump.html" title="pg_dump"><span class="refentrytitle">pg_dump</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="app-pg-dumpall.html" title="pg_dumpall"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_dumpall</span></span></a>, and <a class="xref" href="app-pgrestore.html" title="pg_restore"><span class="refentrytitle">pg_restore</span></a> is only available when <code class="option">--clean</code> is also specified. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.12.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.10.3. <a class="xref" href="app-pgbasebackup.html" title="pg_basebackup"><span class="refentrytitle">pg_basebackup</span></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <span class="application">pg_basebackup</span> option <code class="option">--xlogdir</code> to specify the <code class="filename">pg_xlog</code> directory location (Haribabu Kommi) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <span class="application">pg_basebackup</span> to relocate tablespaces in the backup copy (Steeve Lennmark) </p><p> This is particularly useful for using <span class="application">pg_basebackup</span> on the same machine as the primary. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow network-stream base backups to be throttled (Antonin Houska) </p><p> This can be controlled with the <span class="application">pg_basebackup</span> <code class="option">--max-rate</code> parameter. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.13"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.58.3.11. Source Code</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Improve the way tuples are frozen to preserve forensic information (Robert Haas, Andres Freund) </p><p> This change removes the main objection to freezing tuples as soon as possible. Code that inspects tuple flag bits will need to be modified. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> No longer require function prototypes for functions marked with the <a class="link" href="xfunc-c.html" title="38.10. C-Language Functions"><code class="function">PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1</code></a> macro (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> This change eliminates the need to write boilerplate prototypes. Note that the <code class="function">PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1</code> macro must appear before the corresponding function definition to avoid compiler warnings. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Remove <code class="varname">SnapshotNow</code> and <code class="function">HeapTupleSatisfiesNow()</code> (Robert Haas) </p><p> All existing uses have been switched to more appropriate snapshot types. Catalog scans now use <acronym class="acronym">MVCC</acronym> snapshots. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add an <acronym class="acronym">API</acronym> to allow memory allocations over one gigabyte (Noah Misch) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="function">psprintf()</code> to simplify memory allocation during string composition (Peter Eisentraut, Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Support <code class="function">printf()</code> size modifier <code class="literal">z</code> to print <code class="type">size_t</code> values (Andres Freund) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Change <acronym class="acronym">API</acronym> of <code class="function">appendStringInfoVA()</code> to better use <code class="function">vsnprintf()</code> (David Rowley, Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow new types of external toast datums to be created (Andres Freund) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add single-reader, single-writer, lightweight shared message queue (Robert Haas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve spinlock speed on x86_64 <acronym class="acronym">CPU</acronym>s (Heikki Linnakangas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Remove spinlock support for unsupported platforms <span class="productname">SINIX</span>, <span class="productname">Sun3</span>, and <span class="productname">NS32K</span> (Robert Haas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Remove <acronym class="acronym">IRIX</acronym> port (Robert Haas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Reduce the number of semaphores required by <code class="option">--disable-spinlocks</code> builds (Robert Haas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Rewrite <span class="application">duplicate_oids</span> Unix shell script in <span class="application">Perl</span> (Andrew Dunstan) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add Test Anything Protocol (<acronym class="acronym">TAP</acronym>) tests for client programs (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> Currently, these tests are run by <code class="literal">make check-world</code> only if the <code class="option">--enable-tap-tests</code> option was given to <span class="application">configure</span>. This might become the default behavior in some future release. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add make targets <code class="option">check-tests</code> and <code class="option">installcheck-tests</code>, which allow selection of individual tests to be run (Andrew Dunstan) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Remove <code class="option">maintainer-check</code> makefile rule (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> The default build rules now include all the formerly-optional tests. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve support for <code class="envar">VPATH</code> builds of <acronym class="acronym">PGXS</acronym> modules (Cédric Villemain, Andrew Dunstan, Peter Eisentraut) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Upgrade to Autoconf 2.69 (Peter Eisentraut) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add a <span class="application">configure</span> flag that appends custom text to the <code class="envar">PG_VERSION</code> string (Oskari Saarenmaa) </p><p> This is useful for packagers building custom binaries. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve DocBook <acronym class="acronym">XML</acronym> validity (Peter Eisentraut) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix various minor security and sanity issues reported by the <span class="productname">Coverity</span> scanner (Stephen Frost) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve detection of invalid memory usage when testing <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> with <span class="application">Valgrind</span> (Noah Misch) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve sample <span class="application">Emacs</span> configuration file <code class="filename">emacs.samples</code> (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> Also add <code class="filename">.dir-locals.el</code> to the top of the source tree. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <span class="application">pgindent</span> to accept a command-line list of typedefs (Bruce Momjian) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <span class="application">pgindent</span> smarter about blank lines around preprocessor conditionals (Bruce Momjian) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Avoid most uses of <code class="command">dlltool</code> in <span class="productname">Cygwin</span> and <span class="productname">Mingw</span> builds (Marco Atzeri, Hiroshi Inoue) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Support client-only installs in <acronym class="acronym">MSVC</acronym> (Windows) builds (MauMau) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.14"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.58.3.12. Additional Modules</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="xref" href="pgprewarm.html" title="F.27. pg_prewarm">pg_prewarm</a> extension to preload relation data into the shared buffer cache at server start (Robert Haas) </p><p> This allows reaching full operating performance more quickly. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <acronym class="acronym">UUID</acronym> random number generator <code class="function">gen_random_uuid()</code> to <a class="xref" href="pgcrypto.html" title="F.25. pgcrypto">pgcrypto</a> (Oskari Saarenmaa) </p><p> This allows creation of version 4 <acronym class="acronym">UUID</acronym>s without requiring installation of <a class="xref" href="uuid-ossp.html" title="F.44. uuid-ossp">uuid-ossp</a>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="xref" href="uuid-ossp.html" title="F.44. uuid-ossp">uuid-ossp</a> to work with the <span class="systemitem">BSD</span> or <span class="systemitem">e2fsprogs</span> UUID libraries, not only the <span class="systemitem">OSSP</span> UUID library (Matteo Beccati) </p><p> This improves the <span class="application">uuid-ossp</span> module's portability since it no longer has to have the increasingly-obsolete OSSP library. The module's name is now rather a misnomer, but we won't change it. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add option to <a class="xref" href="auto-explain.html" title="F.4. auto_explain">auto_explain</a> to include trigger execution time (Horiguchi Kyotaro) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix <a class="xref" href="pgstattuple.html" title="F.30. pgstattuple">pgstattuple</a> to not report rows from uncommitted transactions as dead (Robert Haas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <a class="xref" href="pgstattuple.html" title="F.30. pgstattuple">pgstattuple</a> functions use <code class="type">regclass</code>-type arguments (Satoshi Nagayasu) </p><p> While <code class="type">text</code>-type arguments are still supported, they may be removed in a future major release. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve consistency of <a class="xref" href="pgrowlocks.html" title="F.28. pgrowlocks">pgrowlocks</a> output to honor snapshot rules more consistently (Robert Haas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve <a class="xref" href="pgtrgm.html" title="F.31. pg_trgm">pg_trgm</a>'s choice of trigrams for indexed regular expression searches (Alexander Korotkov) </p><p> This change discourages use of trigrams containing whitespace, which are usually less selective. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="pgwaldump.html" title="pg_waldump"><span class="application">pg_xlogdump</span></a> to report a live log stream with <code class="option">--follow</code> (Heikki Linnakangas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Store <a class="xref" href="cube.html" title="F.9. cube">cube</a> data more compactly (Stas Kelvich) </p><p> Existing data must be dumped/restored to use the new format. The old format can still be read. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Reduce <a class="xref" href="vacuumlo.html" title="vacuumlo"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">vacuumlo</span></span></a> client-side memory usage by using a cursor (Andrew Dunstan) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Dramatically reduce memory consumption in <a class="xref" href="pgupgrade.html" title="pg_upgrade"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_upgrade</span></span></a> (Bruce Momjian) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Pass <a class="xref" href="pgupgrade.html" title="pg_upgrade"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_upgrade</span></span></a>'s user name (<code class="option">-U</code>) option to generated analyze scripts (Bruce Momjian) </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.14.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.12.1. <a class="xref" href="pgbench.html" title="pgbench"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pgbench</span></span></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Remove line length limit for <span class="application">pgbench</span> scripts (Sawada Masahiko) </p><p> The previous line limit was <code class="envar">BUFSIZ</code>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add long option names to <span class="application">pgbench</span> (Fabien Coelho) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <span class="application">pgbench</span> option <code class="option">--rate</code> to control the transaction rate (Fabien Coelho) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <span class="application">pgbench</span> option <code class="option">--progress</code> to print periodic progress reports (Fabien Coelho) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.62.5.14.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.58.3.12.2. <a class="xref" href="pgstatstatements.html" title="F.29. pg_stat_statements">pg_stat_statements</a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Make <span class="application">pg_stat_statements</span> use a file, rather than shared memory, for query text storage (Peter Geoghegan) </p><p> This removes the previous limitation on query text length, and allows a higher number of unique statements to be tracked by default. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow reporting of <span class="application">pg_stat_statements</span>'s internal query hash identifier (Daniel Farina, Sameer Thakur, Peter Geoghegan) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add the ability to retrieve all <span class="application">pg_stat_statements</span> information except the query text (Peter Geoghegan) </p><p> This allows monitoring tools to fetch query text only for just-created entries, improving performance during repeated querying of the statistics. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <span class="application">pg_stat_statements</span> ignore <code class="command">DEALLOCATE</code> commands (Fabien Coelho) </p><p> It already ignored <code class="command">PREPARE</code>, as well as planning time in general, so this seems more consistent. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Save the statistics file into <code class="filename">$PGDATA/pg_stat</code> at server shutdown, rather than <code class="filename">$PGDATA/global</code> (Fujii Masao) </p></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="release-9-4-1.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="release.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="release-9-3-25.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">E.57. 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