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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>E.134. Release 9.1</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1" /><link rel="prev" href="release-9-1-1.html" title="E.133. Release 9.1.1" /><link rel="next" href="release-9-0-23.html" title="E.135. Release 9.0.23" /></head><body><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">E.134. Release 9.1</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="release-9-1-1.html" title="E.133. Release 9.1.1">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="release.html" title="Appendix E. Release Notes">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix E. Release Notes</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 11.1 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="release-9-0-23.html" title="E.135. Release 9.0.23">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></hr></div><div class="sect1" id="RELEASE-9-1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">E.134. Release 9.1</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="release-9-1.html#id-1.11.6.138.3">E.134.1. Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="release-9-1.html#id-1.11.6.138.4">E.134.2. Migration to Version 9.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="release-9-1.html#id-1.11.6.138.5">E.134.3. Changes</a></span></dt></dl></div><p><strong>Release date: </strong>2011-09-12</p><div class="sect2" id="id-1.11.6.138.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">E.134.1. Overview</h3></div></div></div><p> This release shows <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> moving beyond the traditional relational-database feature set with new, ground-breaking functionality that is unique to <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>. The streaming replication feature introduced in release 9.0 is significantly enhanced by adding a synchronous-replication option, streaming backups, and monitoring improvements. Major enhancements include: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="warm-standby.html#SYNCHRONOUS-REPLICATION" title="26.2.8. Synchronous Replication">synchronous replication</a> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add support for <a class="link" href="sql-createforeigntable.html" title="CREATE FOREIGN TABLE">foreign tables</a> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add per-column <a class="link" href="collation.html" title="23.2. Collation Support">collation</a> support </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="extend-extensions.html" title="38.16. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension">extensions</a> which simplify packaging of additions to <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add a true <a class="link" href="transaction-iso.html#XACT-SERIALIZABLE" title="13.2.3. Serializable Isolation Level">serializable isolation level</a> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Support unlogged tables using the <code class="literal">UNLOGGED</code> option in <a class="link" href="sql-createtable.html" title="CREATE TABLE"><code class="command">CREATE TABLE</code></a> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow data-modification commands (<code class="command">INSERT</code>/<code class="command">UPDATE</code>/<code class="command">DELETE</code>) in <a class="link" href="queries-with.html" title="7.8. WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions)"><code class="literal">WITH</code></a> clauses </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add nearest-neighbor (order-by-operator) searching to <a class="link" href="gist.html" title="Chapter 64. GiST Indexes"><acronym class="acronym">GiST</acronym> indexes</a> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add a <a class="link" href="sql-security-label.html" title="SECURITY LABEL"><code class="command">SECURITY LABEL</code></a> command and support for <a class="link" href="sepgsql.html" title="F.35. sepgsql"><acronym class="acronym">SELinux</acronym> permissions control</a> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Update the <a class="link" href="plpython.html" title="Chapter 46. PL/Python - Python Procedural Language">PL/Python</a> server-side language </p></li></ul></div><p> The above items are explained in more detail in the sections below. </p></div><div class="sect2" id="id-1.11.6.138.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">E.134.2. Migration to Version 9.1</h3></div></div></div><p> A dump/restore using <span class="application">pg_dump</span>, or use of <span class="application">pg_upgrade</span>, is required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release. </p><p> Version 9.1 contains a number of changes that may affect compatibility with previous releases. Observe the following incompatibilities: </p><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.4.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.2.1. Strings</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Change the default value of <a class="link" href="runtime-config-compatible.html#GUC-STANDARD-CONFORMING-STRINGS"><code class="varname">standard_conforming_strings</code></a> to on (Robert Haas) </p><p> By default, backslashes are now ordinary characters in string literals, not escape characters. This change removes a long-standing incompatibility with the SQL standard. <a class="link" href="runtime-config-compatible.html#GUC-ESCAPE-STRING-WARNING"><code class="varname">escape_string_warning</code></a> has produced warnings about this usage for years. <code class="literal">E''</code> strings are the proper way to embed backslash escapes in strings and are unaffected by this change. </p><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p> This change can break applications that are not expecting it and do their own string escaping according to the old rules. The consequences could be as severe as introducing SQL-injection security holes. Be sure to test applications that are exposed to untrusted input, to ensure that they correctly handle single quotes and backslashes in text strings. </p></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.4.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.2.2. Casting</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Disallow function-style and attribute-style data type casts for composite types (Tom Lane) </p><p> For example, disallow <code class="literal"><em class="replaceable"><code>composite_value</code></em>.text</code> and <code class="literal">text(<em class="replaceable"><code>composite_value</code></em>)</code>. Unintentional uses of this syntax have frequently resulted in bug reports; although it was not a bug, it seems better to go back to rejecting such expressions. The <code class="literal">CAST</code> and <code class="literal">::</code> syntaxes are still available for use when a cast of an entire composite value is actually intended. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Tighten casting checks for domains based on arrays (Tom Lane) </p><p> When a domain is based on an array type, it is allowed to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">look through</span>”</span> the domain type to access the array elements, including subscripting the domain value to fetch or assign an element. Assignment to an element of such a domain value, for instance via <code class="literal">UPDATE ... SET domaincol[5] = ...</code>, will now result in rechecking the domain type's constraints, whereas before the checks were skipped. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.4.6"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.2.3. Arrays</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Change <a class="link" href="functions-array.html#ARRAY-FUNCTIONS-TABLE" title="Table 9.49. Array Functions"><code class="function">string_to_array()</code></a> to return an empty array for a zero-length string (Pavel Stehule) </p><p> Previously this returned a null value. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Change <a class="link" href="functions-array.html#ARRAY-FUNCTIONS-TABLE" title="Table 9.49. Array Functions"><code class="function">string_to_array()</code></a> so a <code class="literal">NULL</code> separator splits the string into characters (Pavel Stehule) </p><p> Previously this returned a null value. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.4.7"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.2.4. Object Modification</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Fix improper checks for before/after triggers (Tom Lane) </p><p> Triggers can now be fired in three cases: <code class="literal">BEFORE</code>, <code class="literal">AFTER</code>, or <code class="literal">INSTEAD OF</code> some action. Trigger function authors should verify that their logic behaves sanely in all three cases. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Require superuser or <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> permissions in order to set comments on roles (Tom Lane) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.4.8"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.2.5. Server Settings</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Change <a class="link" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-RECOVERY-INFO-TABLE" title="Table 9.80. Recovery Information Functions"><code class="function">pg_last_xlog_receive_location()</code></a> so it never moves backwards (Fujii Masao) </p><p> Previously, the value of <code class="function">pg_last_xlog_receive_location()</code> could move backward when streaming replication is restarted. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Have logging of replication connections honor <a class="link" href="runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-CONNECTIONS"><code class="varname">log_connections</code></a> (Magnus Hagander) </p><p> Previously, replication connections were always logged. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.4.9"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.2.6. <a class="link" href="plpgsql.html" title="Chapter 43. PL/pgSQL - SQL Procedural Language">PL/pgSQL</a> Server-Side Language</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Change PL/pgSQL's <code class="literal">RAISE</code> command without parameters to be catchable by the attached exception block (Piyush Newe) </p><p> Previously <code class="literal">RAISE</code> in a code block was always scoped to an attached exception block, so it was uncatchable at the same scope. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Adjust PL/pgSQL's error line numbering code to be consistent with other PLs (Pavel Stehule) </p><p> Previously, PL/pgSQL would ignore (not count) an empty line at the start of the function body. Since this was inconsistent with all other languages, the special case was removed. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make PL/pgSQL complain about conflicting IN and OUT parameter names (Tom Lane) </p><p> Formerly, the collision was not detected, and the name would just silently refer to only the OUT parameter. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Type modifiers of PL/pgSQL variables are now visible to the SQL parser (Tom Lane) </p><p> A type modifier (such as a varchar length limit) attached to a PL/pgSQL variable was formerly enforced during assignments, but was ignored for all other purposes. Such variables will now behave more like table columns declared with the same modifier. This is not expected to make any visible difference in most cases, but it could result in subtle changes for some SQL commands issued by PL/pgSQL functions. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.4.10"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.2.7. Contrib</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> All contrib modules are now installed with <a class="link" href="sql-createextension.html" title="CREATE EXTENSION"><code class="command">CREATE EXTENSION</code></a> rather than by manually invoking their SQL scripts (Dimitri Fontaine, Tom Lane) </p><p> To update an existing database containing the 9.0 version of a contrib module, use <code class="literal">CREATE EXTENSION ... FROM unpackaged</code> to wrap the existing contrib module's objects into an extension. When updating from a pre-9.0 version, drop the contrib module's objects using its old uninstall script, then use <code class="literal">CREATE EXTENSION</code>. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.4.11"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.2.8. Other Incompatibilities</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Make <a class="link" href="monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-STATS-FUNCS-TABLE" title="Table 28.19. Additional Statistics Functions"><code class="function">pg_stat_reset()</code></a> reset all database-level statistics (Tomas Vondra) </p><p> Some <code class="structname">pg_stat_database</code> counters were not being reset. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix some <a class="link" href="infoschema-triggers.html" title="37.55. triggers"><code class="structname">information_schema.triggers</code></a> column names to match the new SQL-standard names (Dean Rasheed) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Treat <span class="application">ECPG</span> cursor names as case-insensitive (Zoltan Boszormenyi) </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" id="id-1.11.6.138.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">E.134.3. Changes</h3></div></div></div><p> Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 9.1 and the previous major release. </p><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.1. Server</h4></div></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.3.2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.1.1. Performance</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Support unlogged tables using the <code class="literal">UNLOGGED</code> option in <a class="link" href="sql-createtable.html" title="CREATE TABLE"><code class="command">CREATE TABLE</code></a> (Robert Haas) </p><p> Such tables provide better update performance than regular tables, but are not crash-safe: their contents are automatically cleared in case of a server crash. Their contents do not propagate to replication slaves, either. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <code class="literal">FULL OUTER JOIN</code> to be implemented as a hash join, and allow either side of a <code class="literal">LEFT OUTER JOIN</code> or <code class="literal">RIGHT OUTER JOIN</code> to be hashed (Tom Lane) </p><p> Previously <code class="literal">FULL OUTER JOIN</code> could only be implemented as a merge join, and <code class="literal">LEFT OUTER JOIN</code> and <code class="literal">RIGHT OUTER JOIN</code> could hash only the nullable side of the join. These changes provide additional query optimization possibilities. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Merge duplicate fsync requests (Robert Haas, Greg Smith) </p><p> This greatly improves performance under heavy write loads. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve performance of <a class="link" href="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-COMMIT-SIBLINGS"><code class="varname">commit_siblings</code></a> (Greg Smith) </p><p> This allows the use of <code class="varname">commit_siblings</code> with less overhead. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Reduce the memory requirement for large ispell dictionaries (Pavel Stehule, Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Avoid leaving data files open after <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">blind writes</span>”</span> (Alvaro Herrera) </p><p> This fixes scenarios in which backends might hold files open long after they were deleted, preventing the kernel from reclaiming disk space. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.3.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.1.2. Optimizer</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Allow inheritance table scans to return meaningfully-sorted results (Greg Stark, Hans-Jurgen Schonig, Robert Haas, Tom Lane) </p><p> This allows better optimization of queries that use <code class="literal">ORDER BY</code>, <code class="literal">LIMIT</code>, or <code class="literal">MIN</code>/<code class="literal">MAX</code> with inherited tables. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve GIN index scan cost estimation (Teodor Sigaev) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve cost estimation for aggregates and window functions (Tom Lane) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.3.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.1.3. Authentication</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Support host names and host suffixes (e.g. <code class="literal">.example.com</code>) in <a class="link" href="auth-pg-hba-conf.html" title="20.1. The pg_hba.conf File"><code class="filename">pg_hba.conf</code></a> (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> Previously only host <acronym class="acronym">IP</acronym> addresses and <acronym class="acronym">CIDR</acronym> values were supported. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Support the key word <code class="literal">all</code> in the host column of <a class="link" href="auth-pg-hba-conf.html" title="20.1. The pg_hba.conf File"><code class="filename">pg_hba.conf</code></a> (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> Previously people used <code class="literal">0.0.0.0/0</code> or <code class="literal">::/0</code> for this. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Reject <code class="literal">local</code> lines in <a class="link" href="auth-pg-hba-conf.html" title="20.1. The pg_hba.conf File"><code class="filename">pg_hba.conf</code></a> on platforms that don't support Unix-socket connections (Magnus Hagander) </p><p> Formerly, such lines were silently ignored, which could be surprising. This makes the behavior more like other unsupported cases. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="gssapi-auth.html" title="20.6. GSSAPI Authentication"><acronym class="acronym">GSSAPI</acronym></a> to be used to authenticate to servers via <a class="link" href="sspi-auth.html" title="20.7. SSPI Authentication"><acronym class="acronym">SSPI</acronym></a> (Christian Ullrich) </p><p> Specifically this allows Unix-based <acronym class="acronym">GSSAPI</acronym> clients to do <acronym class="acronym">SSPI</acronym> authentication with Windows servers. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> <a class="link" href="auth-ident.html" title="20.8. Ident Authentication"><code class="literal">ident</code></a> authentication over local sockets is now known as <a class="link" href="auth-peer.html" title="20.9. Peer Authentication"><code class="literal">peer</code></a> (Magnus Hagander) </p><p> The old term is still accepted for backward compatibility, but since the two methods are fundamentally different, it seemed better to adopt different names for them. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Rewrite <a class="link" href="auth-peer.html" title="20.9. Peer Authentication"><acronym class="acronym">peer</acronym></a> authentication to avoid use of credential control messages (Tom Lane) </p><p> This change makes the peer authentication code simpler and better-performing. However, it requires the platform to provide the <code class="function">getpeereid</code> function or an equivalent socket operation. So far as is known, the only platform for which peer authentication worked before and now will not is pre-5.0 NetBSD. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.3.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.1.4. Monitoring</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add details to the logging of restartpoints and checkpoints, which is controlled by <a class="link" href="runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-CHECKPOINTS"><code class="varname">log_checkpoints</code></a> (Fujii Masao, Greg Smith) </p><p> New details include <acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym> file and sync activity. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-FILE-MODE"><code class="varname">log_file_mode</code></a> which controls the permissions on log files created by the logging collector (Martin Pihlak) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Reduce the default maximum line length for <span class="application">syslog</span> logging to 900 bytes plus prefixes (Noah Misch) </p><p> This avoids truncation of long log lines on syslog implementations that have a 1KB length limit, rather than the more common 2KB. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.3.6"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.1.5. Statistical Views</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="structfield">client_hostname</code> column to <a class="link" href="monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-STATS-VIEWS-TABLE" title="Table 28.2. Collected Statistics Views"><code class="structname">pg_stat_activity</code></a> (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> Previously only the client address was reported. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-STATS-VIEWS-TABLE" title="Table 28.2. Collected Statistics Views"><code class="structname">pg_stat_xact_*</code></a> statistics functions and views (Joel Jacobson) </p><p> These are like the database-wide statistics counter views, but reflect counts for only the current transaction. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add time of last reset in database-level and background writer statistics views (Tomas Vondra) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add columns showing the number of vacuum and analyze operations in <a class="link" href="monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-STATS-VIEWS-TABLE" title="Table 28.2. Collected Statistics Views"><code class="structname">pg_stat_*_tables</code></a> views (Magnus Hagander) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="structfield">buffers_backend_fsync</code> column to <a class="link" href="monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-STATS-VIEWS-TABLE" title="Table 28.2. Collected Statistics Views"><code class="structname">pg_stat_bgwriter</code></a> (Greg Smith) </p><p> This new column counts the number of times a backend fsyncs a buffer. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.3.7"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.1.6. Server Settings</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Provide auto-tuning of <a class="link" href="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-BUFFERS"><code class="varname">wal_buffers</code></a> (Greg Smith) </p><p> By default, the value of <code class="varname">wal_buffers</code> is now chosen automatically based on the value of <code class="varname">shared_buffers</code>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Increase the maximum values for <a class="link" href="runtime-config-locks.html#GUC-DEADLOCK-TIMEOUT"><code class="varname">deadlock_timeout</code></a>, <a class="link" href="runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-MIN-DURATION-STATEMENT"><code class="varname">log_min_duration_statement</code></a>, and <a class="link" href="runtime-config-autovacuum.html#GUC-LOG-AUTOVACUUM-MIN-DURATION"><code class="varname">log_autovacuum_min_duration</code></a> (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> The maximum value for each of these parameters was previously only about 35 minutes. Much larger values are now allowed. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.2. Replication and Recovery</h4></div></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.4.2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.2.1. Streaming Replication and Continuous Archiving</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="warm-standby.html#SYNCHRONOUS-REPLICATION" title="26.2.8. Synchronous Replication">synchronous replication</a> (Simon Riggs, Fujii Masao) </p><p> This allows the primary server to wait for a standby to write a transaction's information to disk before acknowledging the commit. One standby at a time can take the role of the synchronous standby, as controlled by the <a class="link" href="runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-SYNCHRONOUS-STANDBY-NAMES"><code class="varname">synchronous_standby_names</code></a> setting. Synchronous replication can be enabled or disabled on a per-transaction basis using the <a class="link" href="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-SYNCHRONOUS-COMMIT"><code class="varname">synchronous_commit</code></a> setting. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add protocol support for sending file system backups to standby servers using the streaming replication network connection (Magnus Hagander, Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> This avoids the requirement of manually transferring a file system backup when setting up a standby server. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="varname">replication_timeout</code> setting (Fujii Masao, Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> Replication connections that are idle for more than the <code class="varname">replication_timeout</code> interval will be terminated automatically. Formerly, a failed connection was typically not detected until the TCP timeout elapsed, which is inconveniently long in many situations. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add command-line tool <a class="link" href="app-pgbasebackup.html" title="pg_basebackup"><span class="application">pg_basebackup</span></a> for creating a new standby server or database backup (Magnus Hagander) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add a <a class="link" href="sql-createrole.html" title="CREATE ROLE">replication permission</a> for roles (Magnus Hagander) </p><p> This is a read-only permission used for streaming replication. It allows a non-superuser role to be used for replication connections. Previously only superusers could initiate replication connections; superusers still have this permission by default. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.4.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.2.2. Replication Monitoring</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add system view <a class="link" href="monitoring-stats.html#PG-STAT-REPLICATION-VIEW" title="Table 28.5. pg_stat_replication View"><code class="structname">pg_stat_replication</code></a> which displays activity of <acronym class="acronym">WAL</acronym> sender processes (Itagaki Takahiro, Simon Riggs) </p><p> This reports the status of all connected standby servers. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add monitoring function <a class="link" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-RECOVERY-INFO-TABLE" title="Table 9.80. Recovery Information Functions"><code class="function">pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp()</code></a> (Fujii Masao) </p><p> This returns the time at which the primary generated the most recent commit or abort record applied on the standby. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.4.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.2.3. Hot Standby</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add configuration parameter <a class="link" href="runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-HOT-STANDBY-FEEDBACK"><code class="varname">hot_standby_feedback</code></a> to enable standbys to postpone cleanup of old row versions on the primary (Simon Riggs) </p><p> This helps avoid canceling long-running queries on the standby. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add the <a class="link" href="monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-STATS-VIEWS-TABLE" title="Table 28.2. Collected Statistics Views"><code class="structname">pg_stat_database_conflicts</code></a> system view to show queries that have been canceled and the reason (Magnus Hagander) </p><p> Cancellations can occur because of dropped tablespaces, lock timeouts, old snapshots, pinned buffers, and deadlocks. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add a <code class="structfield">conflicts</code> count to <a class="link" href="monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-STATS-VIEWS-TABLE" title="Table 28.2. Collected Statistics Views"><code class="structname">pg_stat_database</code></a> (Magnus Hagander) </p><p> This is the number of conflicts that occurred in the database. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Increase the maximum values for <a class="link" href="runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-MAX-STANDBY-ARCHIVE-DELAY"><code class="varname">max_standby_archive_delay</code></a> and <a class="link" href="runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-MAX-STANDBY-STREAMING-DELAY"><code class="varname">max_standby_streaming_delay</code></a> </p><p> The maximum value for each of these parameters was previously only about 35 minutes. Much larger values are now allowed. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="errcodes-appendix.html#ERRCODES-TABLE" title="Table A.1. PostgreSQL Error Codes"><code class="literal">ERRCODE_T_R_DATABASE_DROPPED</code></a> error code to report recovery conflicts due to dropped databases (Tatsuo Ishii) </p><p> This is useful for connection pooling software. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.4.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.2.4. Recovery Control</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add functions to control streaming replication replay (Simon Riggs) </p><p> The new functions are <a class="link" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-RECOVERY-CONTROL-TABLE" title="Table 9.81. Recovery Control Functions"><code class="function">pg_xlog_replay_pause()</code></a>, <a class="link" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-RECOVERY-CONTROL-TABLE" title="Table 9.81. Recovery Control Functions"><code class="function">pg_xlog_replay_resume()</code></a>, and the status function <a class="link" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-RECOVERY-CONTROL-TABLE" title="Table 9.81. Recovery Control Functions"><code class="function">pg_is_xlog_replay_paused()</code></a>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="filename">recovery.conf</code> setting <code class="varname">pause_at_recovery_target</code> to pause recovery at target (Simon Riggs) </p><p> This allows a recovery server to be queried to check whether the recovery point is the one desired. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add the ability to create named restore points using <a class="link" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-BACKUP-TABLE" title="Table 9.79. Backup Control Functions"><code class="function">pg_create_restore_point()</code></a> (Jaime Casanova) </p><p> These named restore points can be specified as recovery targets using the new <code class="filename">recovery.conf</code> setting <a class="link" href="recovery-target-settings.html#RECOVERY-TARGET-NAME"><code class="varname">recovery_target_name</code></a>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow standby recovery to switch to a new timeline automatically (Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> Now standby servers scan the archive directory for new timelines periodically. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="runtime-config-error-handling.html#GUC-RESTART-AFTER-CRASH"><code class="varname">restart_after_crash</code></a> setting which disables automatic server restart after a backend crash (Robert Haas) </p><p> This allows external cluster management software to control whether the database server restarts or not. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="recovery-config.html" title="Chapter 27. Recovery Configuration"><code class="filename">recovery.conf</code></a> to use the same quoting behavior as <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> (Dimitri Fontaine) </p><p> Previously all values had to be quoted. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.3. Queries</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add a true <a class="link" href="transaction-iso.html#XACT-SERIALIZABLE" title="13.2.3. Serializable Isolation Level">serializable isolation level</a> (Kevin Grittner, Dan Ports) </p><p> Previously, asking for serializable isolation guaranteed only that a single MVCC snapshot would be used for the entire transaction, which allowed certain documented anomalies. The old snapshot isolation behavior is still available by requesting the <a class="link" href="transaction-iso.html#XACT-REPEATABLE-READ" title="13.2.2. Repeatable Read Isolation Level"><code class="literal">REPEATABLE READ</code></a> isolation level. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow data-modification commands (<code class="command">INSERT</code>/<code class="command">UPDATE</code>/<code class="command">DELETE</code>) in <a class="link" href="queries-with.html" title="7.8. WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions)"><code class="literal">WITH</code></a> clauses (Marko Tiikkaja, Hitoshi Harada) </p><p> These commands can use <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> to pass data up to the containing query. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="queries-with.html" title="7.8. WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions)"><code class="literal">WITH</code></a> clauses to be attached to <code class="command">INSERT</code>, <code class="command">UPDATE</code>, <code class="command">DELETE</code> statements (Marko Tiikkaja, Hitoshi Harada) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow non-<a class="link" href="queries-table-expressions.html#QUERIES-GROUP" title="7.2.3. The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses"><code class="literal">GROUP BY</code></a> columns in the query target list when the primary key is specified in the <code class="literal">GROUP BY</code> clause (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> The SQL standard allows this behavior, and because of the primary key, the result is unambiguous. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow use of the key word <code class="literal">DISTINCT</code> in <a class="link" href="queries-union.html" title="7.4. Combining Queries"><code class="literal">UNION</code>/<code class="literal">INTERSECT</code>/<code class="literal">EXCEPT</code></a> clauses (Tom Lane) </p><p> <code class="literal">DISTINCT</code> is the default behavior so use of this key word is redundant, but the SQL standard allows it. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix ordinary queries with rules to use the same snapshot behavior as <code class="command">EXPLAIN ANALYZE</code> (Marko Tiikkaja) </p><p> Previously <code class="command">EXPLAIN ANALYZE</code> used slightly different snapshot timing for queries involving rules. The <code class="command">EXPLAIN ANALYZE</code> behavior was judged to be more logical. </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.5.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.3.1. Strings</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add per-column <a class="link" href="collation.html" title="23.2. Collation Support">collation</a> support (Peter Eisentraut, Tom Lane) </p><p> Previously collation (the sort ordering of text strings) could only be chosen at database creation. Collation can now be set per column, domain, index, or expression, via the SQL-standard <code class="literal">COLLATE</code> clause. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.6"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.4. Object Manipulation</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="extend-extensions.html" title="38.16. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension">extensions</a> which simplify packaging of additions to <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> (Dimitri Fontaine, Tom Lane) </p><p> Extensions are controlled by the new <a class="link" href="sql-createextension.html" title="CREATE EXTENSION"><code class="command">CREATE</code></a>/<a class="link" href="sql-alterextension.html" title="ALTER EXTENSION"><code class="command">ALTER</code></a>/<a class="link" href="sql-dropextension.html" title="DROP EXTENSION"><code class="command">DROP EXTENSION</code></a> commands. This replaces ad-hoc methods of grouping objects that are added to a <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> installation. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add support for <a class="link" href="sql-createforeigntable.html" title="CREATE FOREIGN TABLE">foreign tables</a> (Shigeru Hanada, Robert Haas, Jan Urbanski, Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> This allows data stored outside the database to be used like native <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>-stored data. Foreign tables are currently read-only, however. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow new values to be added to an existing enum type via <a class="link" href="sql-altertype.html" title="ALTER TYPE"><code class="command">ALTER TYPE</code></a> (Andrew Dunstan) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="sql-altertype.html" title="ALTER TYPE"><code class="command">ALTER TYPE ... ADD/DROP/ALTER/RENAME ATTRIBUTE</code></a> (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> This allows modification of composite types. </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.6.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.4.1. <code class="command">ALTER</code> Object</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="literal">RESTRICT</code>/<code class="literal">CASCADE</code> to <a class="link" href="sql-altertype.html" title="ALTER TYPE"><code class="command">ALTER TYPE</code></a> operations on typed tables (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> This controls <code class="literal">ADD</code>/<code class="literal">DROP</code>/<code class="literal">ALTER</code>/<code class="literal">RENAME ATTRIBUTE</code> cascading behavior. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Support <code class="literal">ALTER TABLE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> {OF | NOT OF} <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em></code> (Noah Misch) </p><p> This syntax allows a standalone table to be made into a typed table, or a typed table to be made standalone. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add support for more object types in <code class="command">ALTER ... SET SCHEMA</code> commands (Dimitri Fontaine) </p><p> This command is now supported for conversions, operators, operator classes, operator families, text search configurations, text search dictionaries, text search parsers, and text search templates. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.6.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.4.2. <a class="link" href="sql-createtable.html" title="CREATE TABLE"><code class="command">CREATE/ALTER TABLE</code></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="command">ALTER TABLE ... ADD UNIQUE/PRIMARY KEY USING INDEX</code> (Gurjeet Singh) </p><p> This allows a primary key or unique constraint to be defined using an existing unique index, including a concurrently created unique index. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <code class="command">ALTER TABLE</code> to add foreign keys without validation (Simon Riggs) </p><p> The new option is called <code class="literal">NOT VALID</code>. The constraint's state can later be modified to <code class="literal">VALIDATED</code> and validation checks performed. Together these allow you to add a foreign key with minimal impact on read and write operations. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="sql-altertable.html" title="ALTER TABLE"><code class="command">ALTER TABLE ... SET DATA TYPE</code></a> to avoid table rewrites in appropriate cases (Noah Misch, Robert Haas) </p><p> For example, converting a <code class="type">varchar</code> column to <code class="type">text</code> no longer requires a rewrite of the table. However, increasing the length constraint on a <code class="type">varchar</code> column still requires a table rewrite. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="sql-createtable.html" title="CREATE TABLE"><code class="command">CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS</code></a> syntax (Robert Haas) </p><p> This allows table creation without causing an error if the table already exists. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix possible <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">tuple concurrently updated</span>”</span> error when two backends attempt to add an inheritance child to the same table at the same time (Robert Haas) </p><p> <a class="link" href="sql-altertable.html" title="ALTER TABLE"><code class="command">ALTER TABLE</code></a> now takes a stronger lock on the parent table, so that the sessions cannot try to update it simultaneously. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.6.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.4.3. Object Permissions</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add a <a class="link" href="sql-security-label.html" title="SECURITY LABEL"><code class="command">SECURITY LABEL</code></a> command (KaiGai Kohei) </p><p> This allows security labels to be assigned to objects. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.7"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.5. Utility Operations</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add transaction-level <a class="link" href="explicit-locking.html#ADVISORY-LOCKS" title="13.3.5. Advisory Locks">advisory locks</a> (Marko Tiikkaja) </p><p> These are similar to the existing session-level advisory locks, but such locks are automatically released at transaction end. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <a class="link" href="sql-truncate.html" title="TRUNCATE"><code class="command">TRUNCATE ... RESTART IDENTITY</code></a> restart sequences transactionally (Steve Singer) </p><p> Previously the counter could have been left out of sync if a backend crashed between the on-commit truncation activity and commit completion. </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.7.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.5.1. <a class="link" href="sql-copy.html" title="COPY"><code class="command">COPY</code></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="literal">ENCODING</code> option to <a class="link" href="sql-copy.html" title="COPY"><code class="command">COPY TO/FROM</code></a> (Hitoshi Harada, Itagaki Takahiro) </p><p> This allows the encoding of the <code class="command">COPY</code> file to be specified separately from client encoding. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add bidirectional <a class="link" href="sql-copy.html" title="COPY"><code class="command">COPY</code></a> protocol support (Fujii Masao) </p><p> This is currently only used by streaming replication. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.7.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.5.2. <a class="link" href="sql-explain.html" title="EXPLAIN"><code class="command">EXPLAIN</code></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Make <code class="command">EXPLAIN VERBOSE</code> show the function call expression in a <code class="literal">FunctionScan</code> node (Tom Lane) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.7.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.5.3. <a class="link" href="sql-vacuum.html" title="VACUUM"><code class="command">VACUUM</code></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add additional details to the output of <a class="link" href="sql-vacuum.html" title="VACUUM"><code class="command">VACUUM FULL VERBOSE</code></a> and <a class="link" href="sql-cluster.html" title="CLUSTER"><code class="command">CLUSTER VERBOSE</code></a> (Itagaki Takahiro) </p><p> New information includes the live and dead tuple count and whether <code class="command">CLUSTER</code> is using an index to rebuild. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Prevent <a class="link" href="routine-vacuuming.html#AUTOVACUUM" title="24.1.6. The Autovacuum Daemon">autovacuum</a> from waiting if it cannot acquire a table lock (Robert Haas) </p><p> It will try to vacuum that table later. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.7.6"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.5.4. <a class="link" href="sql-cluster.html" title="CLUSTER"><code class="command">CLUSTER</code></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <code class="command">CLUSTER</code> to sort the table rather than scanning the index when it seems likely to be cheaper (Leonardo Francalanci) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.7.7"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.5.5. Indexes</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add nearest-neighbor (order-by-operator) searching to <a class="link" href="gist.html" title="Chapter 64. GiST Indexes"><acronym class="acronym">GiST</acronym> indexes</a> (Teodor Sigaev, Tom Lane) </p><p> This allows <acronym class="acronym">GiST</acronym> indexes to quickly return the <em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em> closest values in a query with <code class="literal">LIMIT</code>. For example </p><pre class="programlisting"> SELECT * FROM places ORDER BY location <-> point '(101,456)' LIMIT 10; </pre><p> finds the ten places closest to a given target point. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="gin.html" title="Chapter 66. GIN Indexes"><acronym class="acronym">GIN</acronym> indexes</a> to index null and empty values (Tom Lane) </p><p> This allows full <acronym class="acronym">GIN</acronym> index scans, and fixes various corner cases in which GIN scans would fail. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="gin.html" title="Chapter 66. GIN Indexes"><acronym class="acronym">GIN</acronym> indexes</a> to better recognize duplicate search entries (Tom Lane) </p><p> This reduces the cost of index scans, especially in cases where it avoids unnecessary full index scans. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix <a class="link" href="gist.html" title="Chapter 64. GiST Indexes"><acronym class="acronym">GiST</acronym> indexes</a> to be fully crash-safe (Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> Previously there were rare cases where a <code class="command">REINDEX</code> would be required (you would be informed). </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.8"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.6. Data Types</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <code class="type">numeric</code> to use a more compact, two-byte header in common cases (Robert Haas) </p><p> Previously all <code class="type">numeric</code> values had four-byte headers; this change saves on disk storage. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add support for dividing <code class="type">money</code> by <code class="type">money</code> (Andy Balholm) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow binary I/O on type <code class="type">void</code> (Radoslaw Smogura) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve hypotenuse calculations for geometric operators (Paul Matthews) </p><p> This avoids unnecessary overflows, and may also be more accurate. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Support hashing array values (Tom Lane) </p><p> This provides additional query optimization possibilities. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Don't treat a composite type as sortable unless all its column types are sortable (Tom Lane) </p><p> This avoids possible <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">could not identify a comparison function</span>”</span> failures at runtime, if it is possible to implement the query without sorting. Also, <code class="command">ANALYZE</code> won't try to use inappropriate statistics-gathering methods for columns of such composite types. </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.8.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.6.1. Casting</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add support for casting between <code class="type">money</code> and <code class="type">numeric</code> (Andy Balholm) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add support for casting from <code class="type">int4</code> and <code class="type">int8</code> to <code class="type">money</code> (Joey Adams) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow casting a table's row type to the table's supertype if it's a typed table (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> This is analogous to the existing facility that allows casting a row type to a supertable's row type. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.8.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.6.2. <a class="link" href="functions-xml.html" title="9.14. XML Functions"><acronym class="acronym">XML</acronym></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <acronym class="acronym">XML</acronym> function <a class="link" href="functions-xml.html#XML-EXISTS" title="9.14.2.3. XMLEXISTS"><code class="literal">XMLEXISTS</code></a> and <a class="link" href="functions-xml.html#XML-EXISTS" title="9.14.2.3. XMLEXISTS"><code class="function">xpath_exists()</code></a> functions (Mike Fowler) </p><p> These are used for XPath matching. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <acronym class="acronym">XML</acronym> functions <a class="link" href="functions-xml.html#XML-IS-WELL-FORMED" title="9.14.2.4. xml_is_well_formed"><code class="function">xml_is_well_formed()</code></a>, <a class="link" href="functions-xml.html#XML-IS-WELL-FORMED" title="9.14.2.4. xml_is_well_formed"><code class="function">xml_is_well_formed_document()</code></a>, <a class="link" href="functions-xml.html#XML-IS-WELL-FORMED" title="9.14.2.4. xml_is_well_formed"><code class="function">xml_is_well_formed_content()</code></a> (Mike Fowler) </p><p> These check whether the input is properly-formed <acronym class="acronym">XML</acronym>. They provide functionality that was previously available only in the deprecated <code class="filename">contrib/xml2</code> module. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.9"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.7. Functions</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add SQL function <a class="link" href="functions-string.html#FORMAT"><code class="function">format(text, ...)</code></a>, which behaves analogously to C's <code class="function">printf()</code> (Pavel Stehule, Robert Haas) </p><p> It currently supports formats for strings, SQL literals, and SQL identifiers. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add string functions <a class="link" href="functions-string.html#FUNCTIONS-STRING-OTHER" title="Table 9.9. Other String Functions"><code class="function">concat()</code></a>, <a class="link" href="functions-string.html#FUNCTIONS-STRING-OTHER" title="Table 9.9. Other String Functions"><code class="function">concat_ws()</code></a>, <a class="link" href="functions-string.html#FUNCTIONS-STRING-OTHER" title="Table 9.9. Other String Functions"><code class="function">left()</code></a>, <a class="link" href="functions-string.html#FUNCTIONS-STRING-OTHER" title="Table 9.9. Other String Functions"><code class="function">right()</code></a>, and <a class="link" href="functions-string.html#FUNCTIONS-STRING-OTHER" title="Table 9.9. Other String Functions"><code class="function">reverse()</code></a> (Pavel Stehule) </p><p> These improve compatibility with other database products. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add function <a class="link" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-GENFILE" title="9.26.9. Generic File Access Functions"><code class="function">pg_read_binary_file()</code></a> to read binary files (Dimitri Fontaine, Itagaki Takahiro) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add a single-parameter version of function <a class="link" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-GENFILE" title="9.26.9. Generic File Access Functions"><code class="function">pg_read_file()</code></a> to read an entire file (Dimitri Fontaine, Itagaki Takahiro) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add three-parameter forms of <a class="link" href="functions-array.html#ARRAY-FUNCTIONS-TABLE" title="Table 9.49. Array Functions"><code class="function">array_to_string()</code></a> and <a class="link" href="functions-array.html#ARRAY-FUNCTIONS-TABLE" title="Table 9.49. Array Functions"><code class="function">string_to_array()</code></a> for null value processing control (Pavel Stehule) </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.9.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.7.1. Object Information Functions</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add the <a class="link" href="functions-info.html#FUNCTIONS-INFO-CATALOG-TABLE" title="Table 9.63. System Catalog Information Functions"><code class="function">pg_describe_object()</code></a> function (Alvaro Herrera) </p><p> This function is used to obtain a human-readable string describing an object, based on the <a class="link" href="catalog-pg-class.html" title="52.11. pg_class"><code class="structname">pg_class</code></a> OID, object OID, and sub-object ID. It can be used to help interpret the contents of <a class="link" href="catalog-pg-depend.html" title="52.18. pg_depend"><code class="structname">pg_depend</code></a>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Update comments for built-in operators and their underlying functions (Tom Lane) </p><p> Functions that are meant to be used via an associated operator are now commented as such. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add variable <a class="link" href="runtime-config-compatible.html#GUC-QUOTE-ALL-IDENTIFIERS"><code class="varname">quote_all_identifiers</code></a> to force the quoting of all identifiers in <code class="command">EXPLAIN</code> and in system catalog functions like <a class="link" href="functions-info.html#FUNCTIONS-INFO-CATALOG-TABLE" title="Table 9.63. System Catalog Information Functions"><code class="function">pg_get_viewdef()</code></a> (Robert Haas) </p><p> This makes exporting schemas to tools and other databases with different quoting rules easier. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add columns to the <a class="link" href="infoschema-sequences.html" title="37.42. sequences"><code class="structname">information_schema.sequences</code></a> system view (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> Previously, though the view existed, the columns about the sequence parameters were unimplemented. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <code class="literal">public</code> as a pseudo-role name in <a class="link" href="functions-info.html#FUNCTIONS-INFO-ACCESS-TABLE" title="Table 9.61. Access Privilege Inquiry Functions"><code class="function">has_table_privilege()</code></a> and related functions (Alvaro Herrera) </p><p> This allows checking for public permissions. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.9.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.7.2. Function and Trigger Creation</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Support <a class="link" href="sql-createtrigger.html" title="CREATE TRIGGER"><code class="literal">INSTEAD OF</code></a> triggers on views (Dean Rasheed) </p><p> This feature can be used to implement fully updatable views. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.10"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.8. Server-Side Languages</h4></div></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.10.2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.8.1. <a class="link" href="plpgsql.html" title="Chapter 43. PL/pgSQL - SQL Procedural Language">PL/pgSQL</a> Server-Side Language</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="plpgsql-control-structures.html#PLPGSQL-FOREACH-ARRAY" title="43.6.7. Looping Through Arrays"><code class="command">FOREACH IN ARRAY</code></a> to PL/pgSQL (Pavel Stehule) </p><p> This is more efficient and readable than previous methods of iterating through the elements of an array value. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <code class="command">RAISE</code> without parameters to be caught in the same places that could catch a <code class="command">RAISE ERROR</code> from the same location (Piyush Newe) </p><p> The previous coding threw the error from the block containing the active exception handler. The new behavior is more consistent with other DBMS products. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.10.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.8.2. <a class="link" href="plperl.html" title="Chapter 45. PL/Perl - Perl Procedural Language">PL/Perl</a> Server-Side Language</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Allow generic record arguments to PL/Perl functions (Andrew Dunstan) </p><p> PL/Perl functions can now be declared to accept type <code class="type">record</code>. The behavior is the same as for any named composite type. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Convert PL/Perl array arguments to Perl arrays (Alexey Klyukin, Alex Hunsaker) </p><p> String representations are still available. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Convert PL/Perl composite-type arguments to Perl hashes (Alexey Klyukin, Alex Hunsaker) </p><p> String representations are still available. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.10.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.8.3. <a class="link" href="plpython.html" title="Chapter 46. PL/Python - Python Procedural Language">PL/Python</a> Server-Side Language</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add table function support for PL/Python (Jan Urbanski) </p><p> PL/Python can now return multiple <code class="literal">OUT</code> parameters and record sets. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add a validator to PL/Python (Jan Urbanski) </p><p> This allows PL/Python functions to be syntax-checked at function creation time. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow exceptions for SQL queries in PL/Python (Jan Urbanski) </p><p> This allows access to SQL-generated exception error codes from PL/Python exception blocks. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add explicit subtransactions to PL/Python (Jan Urbanski) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add PL/Python functions for quoting strings (Jan Urbanski) </p><p> These functions are <a class="link" href="plpython-util.html" title="46.10. Utility Functions"><code class="literal">plpy.quote_ident</code></a>, <a class="link" href="plpython-util.html" title="46.10. Utility Functions"><code class="literal">plpy.quote_literal</code></a>, and <a class="link" href="plpython-util.html" title="46.10. Utility Functions"><code class="literal">plpy.quote_nullable</code></a>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add traceback information to PL/Python errors (Jan Urbanski) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Report PL/Python errors from iterators with <code class="literal">PLy_elog</code> (Jan Urbanski) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix exception handling with Python 3 (Jan Urbanski) </p><p> Exception classes were previously not available in <code class="literal">plpy</code> under Python 3. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.11"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.9. Client Applications</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Mark <span class="application">createlang</span> and <span class="application">droplang</span> as deprecated now that they just invoke extension commands (Tom Lane) </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.11.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.9.1. <a class="link" href="app-psql.html" title="psql"><span class="application">psql</span></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <span class="application">psql</span> command <code class="literal">\conninfo</code> to show current connection information (David Christensen) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <span class="application">psql</span> command <code class="literal">\sf</code> to show a function's definition (Pavel Stehule) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <span class="application">psql</span> command <code class="literal">\dL</code> to list languages (Fernando Ike) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add the <code class="option">S</code> (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">system</span>”</span>) option to <span class="application">psql</span>'s <code class="literal">\dn</code> (list schemas) command (Tom Lane) </p><p> <code class="literal">\dn</code> without <code class="literal">S</code> now suppresses system schemas. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <span class="application">psql</span>'s <code class="literal">\e</code> and <code class="literal">\ef</code> commands to accept a line number to be used to position the cursor in the editor (Pavel Stehule) </p><p> This is passed to the editor according to the <code class="envar">PSQL_EDITOR_LINENUMBER_ARG</code> environment variable. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Have <span class="application">psql</span> set the client encoding from the operating system locale by default (Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> This only happens if the <code class="envar">PGCLIENTENCODING</code> environment variable is not set. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <code class="literal">\d</code> distinguish between unique indexes and unique constraints (Josh Kupershmidt) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <code class="literal">\dt+</code> report <code class="function">pg_table_size</code> instead of <code class="function">pg_relation_size</code> when talking to 9.0 or later servers (Bernd Helmle) </p><p> This is a more useful measure of table size, but note that it is not identical to what was previously reported in the same display. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Additional tab completion support (Itagaki Takahiro, Pavel Stehule, Andrey Popp, Christoph Berg, David Fetter, Josh Kupershmidt) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.11.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.9.2. <a class="link" href="app-pgdump.html" title="pg_dump"><span class="application">pg_dump</span></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="app-pgdump.html" title="pg_dump"><span class="application">pg_dump</span></a> and <a class="link" href="app-pg-dumpall.html" title="pg_dumpall"><span class="application">pg_dumpall</span></a> option <code class="option">--quote-all-identifiers</code> to force quoting of all identifiers (Robert Haas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="literal">directory</code> format to <span class="application">pg_dump</span> (Joachim Wieland, Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> This is internally similar to the <code class="literal">tar</code> <span class="application">pg_dump</span> format. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.11.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.9.3. <a class="link" href="app-pg-ctl.html" title="pg_ctl"><span class="application">pg_ctl</span></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Fix <span class="application">pg_ctl</span> so it no longer incorrectly reports that the server is not running (Bruce Momjian) </p><p> Previously this could happen if the server was running but <span class="application">pg_ctl</span> could not authenticate. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve <span class="application">pg_ctl</span> start's <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">wait</span>”</span> (<code class="option">-w</code>) option (Bruce Momjian, Tom Lane) </p><p> The wait mode is now significantly more robust. It will not get confused by non-default postmaster port numbers, non-default Unix-domain socket locations, permission problems, or stale postmaster lock files. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="literal">promote</code> option to <span class="application">pg_ctl</span> to switch a standby server to primary (Fujii Masao) </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.12"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.10. <span class="application">Development Tools</span></h4></div></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.12.2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.10.1. <a class="link" href="libpq.html" title="Chapter 34. libpq - C Library"><span class="application">libpq</span></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add a libpq connection option <a class="link" href="libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNECT-CLIENT-ENCODING"><code class="literal">client_encoding</code></a> which behaves like the <code class="envar">PGCLIENTENCODING</code> environment variable (Heikki Linnakangas) </p><p> The value <code class="literal">auto</code> sets the client encoding based on the operating system locale. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="libpq-misc.html#LIBPQ-PQLIBVERSION"><code class="function">PQlibVersion()</code></a> function which returns the libpq library version (Magnus Hagander) </p><p> libpq already had <code class="function">PQserverVersion()</code> which returns the server version. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow libpq-using clients to check the user name of the server process when connecting via Unix-domain sockets, with the new <a class="link" href="libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNECT-REQUIREPEER"><code class="literal">requirepeer</code></a> connection option (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> already allowed servers to check the client user name when connecting via Unix-domain sockets. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PQPING"><code class="function">PQping()</code></a> and <a class="link" href="libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PQPINGPARAMS"><code class="function">PQpingParams()</code></a> to libpq (Bruce Momjian, Tom Lane) </p><p> These functions allow detection of the server's status without trying to open a new session. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.12.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.10.2. <a class="link" href="ecpg.html" title="Chapter 36. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C"><span class="application">ECPG</span></a></h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Allow ECPG to accept dynamic cursor names even in <code class="literal">WHERE CURRENT OF</code> clauses (Zoltan Boszormenyi) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Make <span class="application">ecpglib</span> write <code class="type">double</code> values with a precision of 15 digits, not 14 as formerly (Akira Kurosawa) </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.13"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.11. Build Options</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Use <code class="literal">+Olibmerrno</code> compile flag with HP-UX C compilers that accept it (Ibrar Ahmed) </p><p> This avoids possible misbehavior of math library calls on recent HP platforms. </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.13.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.11.1. Makefiles</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Improved parallel make support (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> This allows for faster compiles. Also, <code class="literal">make -k</code> now works more consistently. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Require <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> <a class="link" href="install-requirements.html" title="16.2. Requirements"><span class="application">make</span></a> 3.80 or newer (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> This is necessary because of the parallel-make improvements. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="literal">make maintainer-check</code> target (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> This target performs various source code checks that are not appropriate for either the build or the regression tests. Currently: duplicate_oids, SGML syntax and tabs check, NLS syntax check. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Support <code class="literal">make check</code> in <code class="filename">contrib</code> (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> Formerly only <code class="literal">make installcheck</code> worked, but now there is support for testing in a temporary installation. The top-level <code class="literal">make check-world</code> target now includes testing <code class="filename">contrib</code> this way. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.13.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.11.2. Windows</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> On Windows, allow <a class="link" href="app-pg-ctl.html" title="pg_ctl"><span class="application">pg_ctl</span></a> to register the service as auto-start or start-on-demand (Quan Zongliang) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add support for collecting <a class="link" href="installation-platform-notes.html#WINDOWS-CRASH-DUMPS" title="16.7.5.1. Collecting Crash Dumps on Windows">crash dumps</a> on Windows (Craig Ringer, Magnus Hagander) </p><p> <span class="productname">minidumps</span> can now be generated by non-debug Windows binaries and analyzed by standard debugging tools. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Enable building with the MinGW64 compiler (Andrew Dunstan) </p><p> This allows building 64-bit Windows binaries even on non-Windows platforms via cross-compiling. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.14"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.12. Source Code</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Revise the API for GUC variable assign hooks (Tom Lane) </p><p> The previous functions of assign hooks are now split between check hooks and assign hooks, where the former can fail but the latter shouldn't. This change will impact add-on modules that define custom GUC parameters. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add latches to the source code to support waiting for events (Heikki Linnakangas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Centralize data modification permissions-checking logic (KaiGai Kohei) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add missing <code class="function">get_<em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em>_oid()</code> functions, for consistency (Robert Haas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve ability to use C++ compilers for <a class="link" href="xfunc-c.html" title="38.10. C-Language Functions">compiling add-on modules</a> by removing conflicting key words (Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add support for DragonFly <acronym class="acronym">BSD</acronym> (Rumko) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Expose <code class="function">quote_literal_cstr()</code> for backend use (Robert Haas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Run <a class="link" href="install-procedure.html#BUILD" title="Build">regression tests</a> in the default encoding (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> Regression tests were previously always run with <code class="literal">SQL_ASCII</code> encoding. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <span class="application">src/tools/git_changelog</span> to replace <span class="application">cvs2cl</span> and <span class="application">pgcvslog</span> (Robert Haas, Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <span class="application">git-external-diff</span> script to <code class="filename">src/tools</code> (Bruce Momjian) </p><p> This is used to generate context diffs from git. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve support for building with <span class="application">Clang</span> (Peter Eisentraut) </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.14.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.12.1. Server Hooks</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add source code hooks to check permissions (Robert Haas, Stephen Frost) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add post-object-creation function hooks for use by security frameworks (KaiGai Kohei) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add a client authentication hook (KaiGai Kohei) </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.15"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.13. Contrib</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Modify <code class="filename">contrib</code> modules and procedural languages to install via the new <a class="link" href="extend-extensions.html" title="38.16. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension">extension</a> mechanism (Tom Lane, Dimitri Fontaine) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="file-fdw.html" title="F.14. file_fdw"><code class="filename">contrib/file_fdw</code></a> foreign-data wrapper (Shigeru Hanada) </p><p> Foreign tables using this foreign data wrapper can read flat files in a manner very similar to <code class="command">COPY</code>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add nearest-neighbor search support to <a class="link" href="pgtrgm.html" title="F.31. pg_trgm"><code class="filename">contrib/pg_trgm</code></a> and <a class="link" href="btree-gist.html" title="F.7. btree_gist"><code class="filename">contrib/btree_gist</code></a> (Teodor Sigaev) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="btree-gist.html" title="F.7. btree_gist"><code class="filename">contrib/btree_gist</code></a> support for searching on not-equals (Jeff Davis) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix <a class="link" href="fuzzystrmatch.html" title="F.15. fuzzystrmatch"><code class="filename">contrib/fuzzystrmatch</code></a>'s <code class="function">levenshtein()</code> function to handle multibyte characters (Alexander Korotkov) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="function">ssl_cipher()</code> and <code class="function">ssl_version()</code> functions to <a class="link" href="sslinfo.html" title="F.37. sslinfo"><code class="filename">contrib/sslinfo</code></a> (Robert Haas) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Fix <a class="link" href="intarray.html" title="F.18. intarray"><code class="filename">contrib/intarray</code></a> and <a class="link" href="hstore.html" title="F.16. hstore"><code class="filename">contrib/hstore</code></a> to give consistent results with indexed empty arrays (Tom Lane) </p><p> Previously an empty-array query that used an index might return different results from one that used a sequential scan. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Allow <a class="link" href="intarray.html" title="F.18. intarray"><code class="filename">contrib/intarray</code></a> to work properly on multidimensional arrays (Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> In <a class="link" href="intarray.html" title="F.18. intarray"><code class="filename">contrib/intarray</code></a>, avoid errors complaining about the presence of nulls in cases where no nulls are actually present (Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> In <a class="link" href="intarray.html" title="F.18. intarray"><code class="filename">contrib/intarray</code></a>, fix behavior of containment operators with respect to empty arrays (Tom Lane) </p><p> Empty arrays are now correctly considered to be contained in any other array. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Remove <a class="link" href="xml2.html" title="F.45. xml2"><code class="filename">contrib/xml2</code></a>'s arbitrary limit on the number of <em class="replaceable"><code>parameter</code></em>=<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> pairs that can be handled by <code class="function">xslt_process()</code> (Pavel Stehule) </p><p> The previous limit was 10. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> In <a class="link" href="pageinspect.html" title="F.22. pageinspect"><code class="filename">contrib/pageinspect</code></a>, fix heap_page_item to return infomasks as 32-bit values (Alvaro Herrera) </p><p> This avoids returning negative values, which was confusing. The underlying value is a 16-bit unsigned integer. </p></li></ul></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.15.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.13.1. Security</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="sepgsql.html" title="F.35. sepgsql"><code class="filename">contrib/sepgsql</code></a> to interface permission checks with <acronym class="acronym">SELinux</acronym> (KaiGai Kohei) </p><p> This uses the new <a class="link" href="sql-security-label.html" title="SECURITY LABEL"><code class="command">SECURITY LABEL</code></a> facility. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add contrib module <a class="link" href="auth-delay.html" title="F.3. auth_delay"><code class="filename">auth_delay</code></a> (KaiGai Kohei) </p><p> This causes the server to pause before returning authentication failure; it is designed to make brute force password attacks more difficult. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="filename">dummy_seclabel</code> contrib module (KaiGai Kohei) </p><p> This is used for permission regression testing. </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.15.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.13.2. Performance</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Add support for <code class="literal">LIKE</code> and <code class="literal">ILIKE</code> index searches to <a class="link" href="pgtrgm.html" title="F.31. pg_trgm"><code class="filename">contrib/pg_trgm</code></a> (Alexander Korotkov) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="function">levenshtein_less_equal()</code> function to <a class="link" href="fuzzystrmatch.html" title="F.15. fuzzystrmatch"><code class="filename">contrib/fuzzystrmatch</code></a>, which is optimized for small distances (Alexander Korotkov) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve performance of index lookups on <a class="link" href="seg.html" title="F.34. seg"><code class="filename">contrib/seg</code></a> columns (Alexander Korotkov) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Improve performance of <a class="link" href="pgupgrade.html" title="pg_upgrade"><span class="application">pg_upgrade</span></a> for databases with many relations (Bruce Momjian) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add flag to <a class="link" href="pgbench.html" title="pgbench"><code class="filename">contrib/pgbench</code></a> to report per-statement latencies (Florian Pflug) </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.15.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">E.134.3.13.3. Fsync Testing</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Move <code class="filename">src/tools/test_fsync</code> to <a class="link" href="pgtestfsync.html" title="pg_test_fsync"><code class="filename">contrib/pg_test_fsync</code></a> (Bruce Momjian, Tom Lane) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <code class="literal">O_DIRECT</code> support to <a class="link" href="pgtestfsync.html" title="pg_test_fsync"><code class="filename">contrib/pg_test_fsync</code></a> (Bruce Momjian) </p><p> This matches the use of <code class="literal">O_DIRECT</code> by <a class="link" href="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-SYNC-METHOD"><code class="varname">wal_sync_method</code></a>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add new tests to <a class="link" href="pgtestfsync.html" title="pg_test_fsync"><code class="filename">contrib/pg_test_fsync</code></a> (Bruce Momjian) </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.11.6.138.5.16"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">E.134.3.14. Documentation</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> Extensive <a class="link" href="ecpg.html" title="Chapter 36. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C"><span class="application">ECPG</span></a> documentation improvements (Satoshi Nagayasu) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Extensive proofreading and documentation improvements (Thom Brown, Josh Kupershmidt, Susanne Ebrecht) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add documentation for <a class="link" href="runtime-config-error-handling.html#GUC-EXIT-ON-ERROR"><code class="varname">exit_on_error</code></a> (Robert Haas) </p><p> This parameter causes sessions to exit on any error. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add documentation for <a class="link" href="functions-info.html#FUNCTIONS-INFO-CATALOG-TABLE" title="Table 9.63. System Catalog Information Functions"><code class="function">pg_options_to_table()</code></a> (Josh Berkus) </p><p> This function shows table storage options in a readable form. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Document that it is possible to access all composite type fields using <a class="link" href="sql-expressions.html#FIELD-SELECTION" title="4.2.4. Field Selection"><code class="literal">(compositeval).*</code></a> syntax (Peter Eisentraut) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Document that <a class="link" href="functions-string.html#FUNCTIONS-STRING-OTHER" title="Table 9.9. Other String Functions"><code class="function">translate()</code></a> removes characters in <code class="literal">from</code> that don't have a corresponding <code class="literal">to</code> character (Josh Kupershmidt) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Merge documentation for <code class="command">CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER</code> and <a class="link" href="sql-createtrigger.html" title="CREATE TRIGGER"><code class="command">CREATE TRIGGER</code></a> (Alvaro Herrera) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Centralize <a class="link" href="ddl-priv.html" title="5.6. Privileges">permission</a> and <a class="link" href="upgrading.html" title="18.6. Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster">upgrade</a> documentation (Bruce Momjian) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Add <a class="link" href="kernel-resources.html#SYSVIPC-PARAMETERS" title="Table 18.1. System V IPC Parameters">kernel tuning documentation</a> for Solaris 10 (Josh Berkus) </p><p> Previously only Solaris 9 kernel tuning was documented. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Handle non-ASCII characters consistently in <code class="filename">HISTORY</code> file (Peter Eisentraut) </p><p> While the <code class="filename">HISTORY</code> file is in English, we do have to deal with non-ASCII letters in contributor names. These are now transliterated so that they are reasonably legible without assumptions about character set. </p></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="release-9-1-1.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="release.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="release-9-0-23.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">E.133. 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